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俄煤運往中國,果然出了問題,如今下場,都跟當年自己設的套有關 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

俄煤運往中國,果然出了問題,如今下場,都跟當年自己設的套有關

俄煤運往中國,果然出了問題,如今下場,都跟當年自己設的套有關
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自俄乌冲突爆发后,在西方全方位的制裁下,俄罗斯开始将煤炭等能源出口转向亚洲国家,其中,中国成了俄罗斯最理想的合作伙伴。只不过,俄罗斯对华煤炭出口份额自今年8月攀升至854万吨后,便开始出现了下降,而造成这种局面的主要原因还是俄罗斯的铁路交通运力不足。

日前,据《莫斯科时报》报道,俄罗斯主要采煤区库兹巴斯地区负责人谢尔盖·茨维列夫在接受采访时表示,由于铁路交通拥堵,该地生产出来的80万吨煤炭未能及时运往中国,至今仍滞留在原地。据茨维列夫所说,9月份的时候,大约有500辆运煤车因为铁路交通拥堵而被迫滞留在铁轨之上,而截至目前,交通拥堵的情况越来越严重,导致该地区有大约12000辆煤炭铁路车被滞留在原地,无法对外出口煤炭。

报道称,在冬季条件下,货物的长时间停运将导致煤炭出现冻结现象,导致煤炭质量下降,继而影响对外出口。按照茨维洛夫的说法,大量煤炭货车堆积在轨道上,已经严重干扰了通过库兹巴斯地区的过境交通,对其他经济部门造成了极大的损失,如果不早点解决这一问题,拥堵的情况将会进一步加剧。

俄煤运往中国,果然出了问题,如今下场,都跟当年自己设的套有关_俄罗斯_煤炭_铁路

需要提及的是,自欧盟对俄煤炭实施禁运之后,俄罗斯不得不将这些煤炭全部转到东方,特别是中国。根据中国海关总署的数据,8月份,从俄罗斯进口的煤炭增长了57%,高达854万吨,达到五年来的最高水平。但在9月份,俄罗斯煤炭出口中国的份额却下降了18.6%,只有695万吨。明明一切都在往好的方向发展,为什么会在此时出现份额下降的情况呢?

实际上,运往中国的俄罗斯煤炭之所以会出现份额下降的情况,最主要的根源还是出在俄罗斯身上。众所周知,铁路交通是俄罗斯的主要运输方式,但由于东西部经济发展的不平衡,俄罗斯西部地区经济发达、交通铁路网也密集,承载能力自然极强。

然而,现在由于欧洲对俄煤炭的禁运,为了弥补这一市场的缺口,俄罗斯必然要将煤炭出口向东转运。但相比于西部地区,俄罗斯东部地区的基础设施比较落后,铁路路线也单一,而且由于恶劣天气的原因,很多路线常年缺乏人员维护,因此东部铁路的承载能力极差,自然就顶不住从西部蜂拥而至的煤炭运输的压力。

当然,造成如今的下场,除了东西部交通运输存在巨大差异外,还与俄罗斯,确切地说是与苏联当年自己设下的套有关。目前,中俄跨境贸易线路主要有三条,只不过这三条线路在进行跨境贸易时,总是耽搁很长一段时间,如果碰到暴雪天气的话,耽搁的时间则会更长,这也导致了俄罗斯运输效率十分低下。

而造成耽搁的原因,便是中俄铁路轨距的不同。我国目前的铁路轨距是1435毫米,基本是按照国际标准轨距来设计的,但俄罗斯则不同,他们使用的是轨距为1524毫米的宽轨,与我国的轨距相差了89毫米,尽管看似相差不大,但对于铁路运输来说,那可是天壤之别。如果不在跨境之前更换列车地盘,那么俄罗斯的列车将无法在我国的轨道上行驶,更别谈要出口煤炭了。

至于俄罗斯为什么这么喜欢“搞特殊”,跟世界上绝大多数国家使用的标准轨距不同,其实是有着自己的综合考虑的。第一,俄罗斯人认为宽轨可以帮助列车分散压力,使得列车在行驶过程中变得更稳;第二,宽轨更适合俄罗斯寒冷的天气,尤其俄罗斯的冬季十分寒冷,铁路地下全是冻土,而宽轨便可以更好地为列车分散重量,在安全性方面比窄轨有优势。

更为重要的一点是,苏联时期,世界还处于冷战状态,战争指不定什么时候会再度爆发,在这种情况下,苏联使用宽轨来设计铁路标准,就可以防止其他国家在进攻之前运用到自家的铁路交通运输,一旦其他国家想通过宽轨来运输各类后勤支援,那必然就要更换列车底盘,这也就给了苏联充足的备战时间。

总体而言,俄罗斯交通运力不足的原因,基本上都是当初自己种下的“苦果”所致,本意上使用宽轨的出发点是好的,但由于太过“特殊”,最后却害苦了自己。如果俄罗斯不及时解决这类问题,随着寒冬的到来,运往中国的煤炭可能还会受到严重冲击。

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