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中國人造太陽1.2億℃燃燒101秒,再破世界紀錄,終極能源來了? – 有海水的地方就有中國人

中國人造太陽1.2億℃燃燒101秒,再破世界紀錄,終極能源來了?

中國人造太陽1.2億℃燃燒101秒,再破世界紀錄,終極能源來了?
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毫不客氣的說,目前人類文明能源的利用方式非常落後,可以簡單地稱之為「燒熱水」,雖然方式不同但本質上就是如此。最近幾年發展的新能源,例如風能、核能以及太陽能等等,都難以作為支柱產業。在這裡要著重的提及核能,這是一種非常高效的能源利用方式,目前核電站採取的都是重核核裂變的方式,獲取其中的能量用作生產生活。

但目前的核電站缺點也非常明顯,首先就是不安全,如果發生泄漏產生的影響那就是千秋萬代的,在人類歷史上也發生過多次核泄漏事件,不僅僅是毀滅一地,甚至嚴重的要影響一個城市千年萬年。

目前來看終極的清潔能源應該是核聚變,簡單來理解就是兩個輕核通過聚變形成重核,在這個過程中會釋放出巨額的能量,並且核聚變反應過程中是完全清潔的,並不會產生核廢料。例如在海洋中提取重水,目的是獲取氫的同位素氘,最終聚變生成氦,這個氦氣也比較清潔,就是大街上那些用來充氣球的氣體,性質上非常穩定。

但是人類目前的技術難以控制核聚變的進行,大家都知道氫彈的爆炸就是核聚變,但那個過程完全不可控,根本無法利用。人們目前急需掌握的技術是可控核聚變,非常有利於人類文明的發展進化,讓人類文明更上一個台階。

因為可控核聚變非常高效,攜帶少量的核燃料就可以提供巨大的能量,尤其是在航空航天上,目前限制因素之一就是能量的利用方式,因為受到了火箭運載能力的限制。上個世紀六十年代末美國實現了載人登月,就是因為擁有大推力運載火箭土星五號。如果人類未來掌握了可控核聚變技術,在探測器以及運載火箭上進行應用,那麼載人登月、載人登火甚至是更遠距離的星際航行都不在話下了。

但核聚變在地球上的進行還是比較困難的,我們都很清楚太陽持續性的發光發熱普照萬物,就是因為在太陽內核處氫核在不斷進行核聚變生成氦,這個過程已經持續50億年之久,未來還將持續50億年。

但太陽內核的核聚變過程條件是苛刻的,1500萬攝氏度的高溫再加上2400億個標準大氣壓。有的朋友說,在地球上只要實現這個條件,核聚變不就正常進行了嗎?實際上人類目前的科技水平實現如此大的壓力是不可能的,那麼壓力不夠就只能用溫度來湊了。高溫和高壓的環境可以讓氫和碰撞的機率增加,溫度增加微觀粒子的熱運動劇烈程度,壓力減小微觀粒子間的距離或者說增加密度。

科學家希望在地球上模擬太陽內核的環境,因此相關的實驗設備又被稱之為「人造太陽」,全稱為「全超導托卡馬克核聚變實驗裝置(EAST)」。人造太陽試驗的成功一直在追求三個方向,首先是運行溫度足夠高、粒子密度足夠大、等離子體的維持時間足夠長,這樣可控核聚變才能越加接近於成功。

就在5月28日我國的「人造太陽」再一次打破了世界紀錄,成功實現了1.2億攝氏度運行101秒,此前的世界紀錄是2020年末韓國超導托卡馬克(KSTAR)實現的,僅僅是億度20秒,時間過去不到半年,我國徹底的打破了這個世界紀錄,這一次時間上已經能達到了之前的五倍,並且還實現了1.6億攝氏度20秒等離體運行,可謂是巨大的成功。

億度以上持續的時間越長,說明實驗越接近於成功,目前認為在1億攝氏度以上維持1000秒,就可以實現實用化了,所以目前來看仍就是任重而道遠。可以說未來的可控核聚變技術可期,但是要想真正實現可控核聚變還有很長的路要走。

超過1億攝氏度可能真的難以現象,甚至地球上都沒有這樣大熔點的材料。當然這也是全超導托克馬克設備的優勢所在,溫度再高根本不會接觸到周圍的材料,只是通過強磁性把粒子流控制在中間的位置。

期待著中國人造太陽一次次的打破世界紀錄,億度以上維持時間越來越長,最終實現可控核聚變技術的應用。

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