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美援M777重炮運抵烏克蘭,衛星制導炮彈威脅巨大,已突破戰爭紅線 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

美援M777重炮運抵烏克蘭,衛星制導炮彈威脅巨大,已突破戰爭紅線

美援M777重炮運抵烏克蘭,衛星制導炮彈威脅巨大,已突破戰爭紅線
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烏軍據此可組建5個18門制的炮兵營,可以依託先進火控系統與俄羅斯進行機動炮戰。儘管M777火炮的防護力和射程一般般,但在先進火控系統的加持下,還是能夠局部壓倒火力雖然強悍但技術落後的俄羅斯炮兵。不過,由於俄軍掌握空中優勢,因此M777在烏克蘭戰場上的生存力,主要看俄羅斯空軍的投彈命中率。

由於M777榴彈炮的信息化程度較高,因此烏克蘭軍隊還需接受一些使用先進榴彈炮的培訓。目前,美國正在烏克蘭境外的一個秘密地點提供這項培訓服務。完成培訓的烏克蘭軍人將會在返回戰場後,對其他烏軍人員進行培訓。

在4月27日,烏克蘭國防部長列茲尼科夫稱,烏軍士兵的榴彈炮培訓進行得很順利。烏克蘭炮兵使用M777式155毫米榴彈炮所發射的「第一發炮彈就擊中了目標」。

說起大名鼎鼎的美國M777式155毫米榴彈炮,這種2004年才開始裝備美軍的火炮,是世界上第一種大規模採用鈦鋁合金材料的火炮系統,從而使火炮的重量從常規155毫米火炮的8噸左右降低了一半,全炮只有3.9噸,是世界上最輕的155毫米榴彈炮。

在上世紀80年代的155毫米火炮的重量都在八九噸左右,行軍長度八米以上,是名符其實的「重炮」,無法滿足新時代陸軍火力戰要求。1987年,美國國防部提出一種輕型榴彈炮技戰術指標,對美國洛馬公司的155輕型榴彈炮、英國維克斯船舶工程公司的UFH超輕型榴彈炮,英國皇家軍械公司的LTH輕型榴彈炮等多種型號火炮進行了測試。

經過長達10年的鑑定,美軍終於選定了英國UFH超輕型155毫米牽引榴彈炮,又經過7年漫長的研製,在2004年正式裝備美軍,命名為M777超輕榴彈炮。

M777採用了二維後座,後座搖架一體化,多腳開式大架,鈦鋁合金等一系列輕型火炮技術,力圖在威力不減的前提下實現火炮重量減半。M777大量採用鈦合金,在不到4噸重的火炮中使用了約1噸鈦合金材料。

M777儘可能使用綜合部件,例如新穎的四角形大架,火炮搖架管狀組件既是搖架一部分,又是平衡機和反後坐裝置,從而顯著降低了火炮的重量。

因此M777火炮具有低輪廓、高生存力,以及快速部署和裝載能力等特點,給常規火炮帶來了一次革命,從而贏得了巨大的聲譽,M777也成為超輕型大口徑榴彈炮的代名詞。

M777火炮裝有數字式火控系統、炮載計算機、雷射陀螺慣性導航自動定位定向設備和夜間觀瞄器材等組成的綜合火控系統,具有自主射擊能力,可發射M982精確制導炮彈,也能發射全部種類美軍制式彈藥,譬如M107高爆榴彈,M795高爆榴彈,M483子母彈,M864子母彈。

現在的反炮兵作戰極為厲害,往往敵人的炮彈還沒落地,我方反炮兵雷達就測算出敵方炮兵陣地,敵方第二輪炮彈還沒出膛,我方反擊的炮彈已經打出去了。因此,各國火炮在陣地上只能生存幾分鐘,打幾炮就得趕緊跑路,只要能及時轉移到1~3公里外就安全了。

由於整套系統非常輕便,M777榴彈炮的反炮兵作戰能力較強,能夠以每分鐘5發的爆發射速進行急速射,用一分多鐘發射8發炮彈,遂行完火力打擊任務後,然後掛上牽引車,只需用時2分鐘即可撤出陣地,恢復到行進狀態中。全部用時僅5分鐘就能完成炮擊-轉移到3公里外的備用陣地的作戰行動,隨後火炮將在多個陣地之間來回穿梭炮擊。

M982「神劍」炮彈是美軍第一種具備射後不管能力的制導炮彈。採用GPS全球定位制導,戰鬥部重23千克,射程24公里,加裝底排裝置射程35-40公里,精度在10米左右。該彈還有一種改進型的神劍K雙模製導炮彈,採用半主動雷射+GPS雙模製導,可以打擊運動目標。這種改進型的神劍K雙模製導炮彈,比較完美的解決了衛星制導炮彈精度不高,不容易打擊移動目標的缺陷。

M982「神劍」衛星制導炮彈的8~12萬美元的價格還是太貴了,美國自己也用的不多。其實烏克蘭最需要的是美軍大量裝備的M1156精確制導炮彈套件(PGK)。採用GPS二維修正,可直接擰在普通炮彈的引信螺口上。

M1156精確制導炮彈套件(PGK)採用簡易慣性+GPS衛星定位制導,引信集成了天線、固定舵、衛星接收模塊、地磁模塊等組件。體積小,只比普通的引信體積略大,使用標準的引信接口,旋上普通炮彈就能變成一枚「聰明」的炮彈。

M1156精確制導炮彈套件(PGK)使用一個固定鴨舵的雙旋結構二元修正引信,固定舵由一對差動舵和一對控制舵組成,修正組件引信尾部以不同的滾轉角速度繞彈軸旋轉。通過控制固定鴨舵的滾轉角姿態實現彈道控制和修正。

M1156套件可以花最少的錢,直接把普通榴彈都變成制導炮彈,價格只有1萬美元出頭。在最大射程上的精度誤差只有30~50米,非常準確。

而俄軍炮兵顯得有點落後,目前俄軍只有152毫米「紅土地」雷射制導炮彈能夠進行精確打擊,但雷射制導炮彈需要占用前沿觀測的聯絡通道,因此炮擊效率較低,不適合進行多目標打擊。在烏克蘭裝備M777火炮以後,俄軍需要從空中對這種火炮進行重點打擊,力爭將其摧毀在陣地上。

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