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馬克龍成功連任法國總統!下一個五年法國何去何從? – 有海水的地方就有中國人

馬克龍成功連任法國總統!下一個五年法國何去何從?

馬克龍成功連任法國總統!下一個五年法國何去何從?
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初步统计数据显示,马克龙得票率约为58.5%,勒庞得票率约为41.5%。

  马克龙成为继希拉克后又一位成功连任的法国总统。

  当地时间24日晚间,法国多家媒体公布的出口民调显示,在当天举行的法国总统选举第二轮投票中,法国现任总统马克龙得票率领先于极右翼政党“国民联盟”候选人勒庞,成功连任。

  民调机构IFOP24日晚间的初步统计数据显示,马克龙得票率约为58.5%,勒庞得票率约为41.5%。

  在出口民调出炉后,马克龙在埃菲尔铁塔脚下的战神广场发表胜选演讲。“通过投资和变革,我们将建设一个更独立的法国、一个更强大的欧洲,并让法国成为环保强国。”他说。

  他同时还在个人社交媒体上发文称:“过去五年,法国历经种种变革。在这些时光里,有欢乐,有艰难,更有前所未有的危机。感谢法国民众对我的信任,信任我在接下来的五年中继续领导法国。”

  24日晚间,欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩、欧洲理事会主席米歇尔、欧洲议会议长梅措拉,及德国总理朔尔茨分别在社交媒体上发文,祝贺马克龙成功连任。

  马克龙为何能胜选

  马克龙成功连任让市场松了一口气。虽然选前IFOP等民调机构的预测均显示,马克龙会以约10个百分点的优势领先勒庞,但花旗、东方汇理、瑞银等金融机构仍在选前一周提醒,由于本届法国总统选举弃票率较高,且勒庞的支持者大多不愿在大选前表露心声,勒庞并非没有胜选可能,市场或因此遭遇“黑色星期一”。

  对外经济贸易大学国家对外开放研究院、全球创新与治理研究院研究员赵永升在接受第一财经记者采访时表示,马克龙之所以得票率领先于勒庞,从内政角度来看,是由于执政五年来,马克龙的经济业绩和成效显然可圈可点,这使其获得了亲商派等人士的支持。

  法国国家统计局的数据显示,去年第四季度,法国失业率降至7.4%,为15年来最低水平。2021年是法国经济自1969年以来增长最为强劲的一年。同时,法国金融市场也表现强劲,去年法股CAC40公司累计实现净利润1600亿欧元,创历史新高。

  选前,“购买力”问题成为了中间派与极右翼之间论辩的焦点,勒庞频频在该问题上向马克龙发难,并以此争取极右翼选民的支持。但无论从选前电视辩论及大选最终结果来看,“购买力”问题并未成为勒庞击败马克龙的一张牌。

  “因为不能将购买力问题归咎于法国政府的治理。”赵永升对此解释道,“从去年以来,法国经历了两轮明显地物价上涨,第一轮是由于欧盟相对激进的能源转型,但在此期间,马克龙已表示将通过发展核能来保障法国的能源安全。第二轮则是由于乌克兰局势持续发酵,而这并非马克龙以一己之力能掌握的。”

  赵永升还称,马克龙能够胜选的第二个原因在于,法国主流社会对极右翼的传统态度。与此前历届极右翼进入第二轮投票的选情相似,在第一轮中落败的候选人——社会党、共和党、绿党候选人在第一轮投票结果出炉后第一时间就表示将支持马克龙,并呼吁其支持者不要支持勒庞。随后,法国前总统奥朗德和萨科齐也表达了对马克龙的支持。

  赵永升还表示,从外交角度来看,本次选举正值乌克兰局势不断发酵期间。作为总统,马克龙穿梭于各个外交舞台上,期间与俄罗斯总统普京通话、会晤数次,这也让他争取了部分选票。

  法国的下一个五年

  在赵永升看来,马克龙在经济上倾向自由主义,利用市场力量推动“私有部门”是这一理念的重要表现。马克龙连任后,有望继续减轻企业负担,这将有利于支持包括初创企业在内的诸多企业发展,盘活法国经济。

  巴黎政治学院法国经济观察站研究员马利埃(Paul Malliet)在接受第一财经记者采访时表示,在产业政策方面,马克龙连任后,能源转型将是未来法国经济发展主线,核能和海上风电或将最受政策支持。法国发展绿色经济,与欧盟整体发展思路相符。除本国纲领外,法国未来新能源发展政策将很大程度在应对气候变化一揽子计划提案框架下展开。

  他还称,法国当前核能、风能发电产能仍面临供给不足的局面。去年,法国电力集团(EDF)旗下核能项目频发故障。市场研究机构Ember的数据显示,2020年,法国风电装机总量仅为17.4吉瓦。这意味着,法国能源转型将释放较大的国际合作机遇。

  赵永升进一步表示,从欧盟和外交政策来看,马克龙也将进一步推动欧洲一体化发展。法国的外交政策也可借欧盟之力展开。

  不过,赵永升表示,连任后,马克龙面临的挑战也并不小。五年来,马克龙没能在法国的金融领域实现大的改革,也没能在改善法国劳动力市场的“僵化度”上有所作为。受上述问题影响,法国可能不太较好地吸引人才。

  赵永升还称,法国经济还面临一些结构性问题,“在竞选纲领中,马克龙承诺将对科技、新能源产业巨额投资,他同时还承诺减税。那在高赤字的背景,巨额投资的钱从哪里来?”

  马克龙在竞选纲领中表示,他未来五年的施政计划预计每年将耗资500亿欧元。而上述开支将由法国经济增长所带来的收入、退休制度和失业保险改革等节省的资金填补。法国全国统计和经济研究所的数据显示,该国2021年财政赤字为1609亿欧元,财政赤字占国内生产总值的比重达6.5%,公共债务占国内生产总值的比重达112.9%。

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