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古代皇帝下葬後,為他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

古代皇帝下葬後,為他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

古代皇帝下葬後,為他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明
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在我国古代封建帝制时期,有一种丧葬仪式叫“事死如事生”。封建帝王们不仅活着的时候要尽享人间富贵,更想在离世后延续荣光和奢华,就把陵寝修得富丽堂皇,收罗各种金银玉器、奇珍异宝陪葬,让自己即便身在地府,也拥有令人艳羡的财富。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

为了使自己身后免受打扰,同时也为了保护那些随葬的贵重物品,他们也会想尽办法给自己的陵寝增加多种防盗措施。其中一个措施,极其残忍,受害者甚众,却一直延续了几千年,一拨又一拨被征召修筑陵寝的工匠,不得不做了保守秘密的牺牲品。

但是残杀工匠并没有让帝王们死后安宁,反而因为华贵的陪葬总招来“摸金校尉”的青睐,有的补充了某地的军饷,有的填满了某处的府库……

那工匠们的命运呢?只能随着已逝的帝王一起,葬身在自己亲手修筑的豪华地宫中吗?当然不,求生的本能会激发出巨大的潜力,总有聪明的工匠能够为自己和工友们预留后路,完成最古老最原始的密室逃亡,逃出生天。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

为了不被惦记,皇家帝陵有多努力

满是珍宝的帝陵,对于任何人来说都是一个藏宝地,很容易勾起人们铤而走险的罪恶心理,这是封建统治者们心知肚明的事情。但是在那个乞求长生而不得的年代,给自己一个跟活着时候一样奢华的长眠之地,就成了帝王们最后的倔强。

以秦始皇陵为例,据说始皇帝想要把生前所有的山川、河流、宫阙都带到地下陪自己,于是,前后花了39年,合计征集近80万人修建他超规格的皇陵。截止目前,光陪葬坑就发现了400多个,闻名于世的秦始皇陵兵马俑只是其中之一。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

后世的帝王虽然没有个个效仿始皇帝陵寝的规模,但很多也是从即位就开始修建,一直修到皇帝驾崩,短则几年,长则几十年,这期间还要进行不断地完善和填充,有的帝王还会亲自去验收成果。于是,几乎每座帝陵都是美轮美奂、价值连城。

既然不想放弃陵寝的豪华程度,那就只能在加强安保设施方面做文章:有的用真假墓冢混淆,让人难辨真伪;有的想尽各种办法进行加固,用积沙或者浇筑;还有传说中的设置机关、放置毒物等等。然后就是最残忍的灭口,参与陵墓修筑的工匠被迫集体殉葬。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

《史记》中明确记载了,修建陵墓的工匠“无复出者”;汉景帝阳陵中发现了带刑具的尸骨,被考证其中有当时参与修建的工匠;还有汉武帝的茂陵,陪葬坑里2万殉葬的工匠……几乎每一个皇帝的身后事,都充斥着修筑工匠们被害的事实。

在封建帝制等级森严的统治下,以及从奴隶社会一路延续下来的“人殉”制度,在当时的统治阶层看来,修筑皇陵的卑微工匠,也属于皇家私有物,让他们作为保守皇家最高秘密的牺牲品,不仅理所当然,而且是微不足道的事情。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

皇陵工匠们艰难的求生路

修筑皇陵的工匠们是不是只有死路一条呢?既然知道了皇陵的确切位置,皇家自然不会允许秘密泄露。这就意味着,一旦被征召修建皇陵,对于工匠、劳役们来说,很可能就是有去无回。

即便有些朝代有些帝王不会选择杀人保密,工匠们的结局也不会太好,为了守护皇陵的秘密,他们只能有两种结果,要么彻底开不了口,要么没法开口。于是就有了被发配边疆的,被强征上战场的,还有被强制迁居某地监管的,不仅失去人身自由,有的甚至会毒哑弄聋。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

有了太多的前车之鉴,工匠们不想白白牺牲,就只能帮自己寻找生路。一遍遍尝试和失败的过程中,工匠们也在与统治阶层斗智斗勇,发展到后来,帝王陵寝的安保级别越提越高,工匠们逃生的智慧和技巧也愈来越高明。

接下来,就要说到一个帝王陵寝中极其关键的物件——自来石,工匠们智慧的产物。

自来石是一块号称“一石当关,万夫莫开”的巨大石条,足有1.6米高,是关闭地宫石门,隔绝外界的最后一道关卡。工匠们留给自己的最佳逃生时机,就在封闭地宫的最后一步。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

自来石的原理是这样的:在地宫内侧地面和石门上凿刻出与石条两端相应的凹槽,石条一端先置于地面凹槽内,另一端挨着石门,随着石门缓缓关闭,石条的两端与两处凹槽完成咬合,最终效果就是,多大的力都没法从外面推开石门。

工匠们是如何利用自来石完成逃生计划的呢?首先,利用自来石,工匠们可以从外面关上地宫门,而且有了自来石的强大堵门作用,皇陵被盗的危险就少了几分,工匠们也就没了灭口的必要。

其次,自来石封锁后的地宫门从外面靠蛮力无法打开,但里面是可以的。如果工匠们被封锁在地宫内,只需要合几人之力挪开自来石,然后再照着原样放下去,缓缓关门就能逃出。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

如果被挪动后从外面单靠人力没法完全还原怎么办?聪明的工匠还可以用“拐钉钥匙”将自来石复原。

据说崇祯皇帝下葬时,因为明朝已经灭亡,李自成就决定把崇祯和皇后一起葬入田贵妃陵中,打开地宫门靠的就是“拐钉钥匙”。

后来在定陵发掘的过程中,“拐钉钥匙”也顺利完成了石门的开启。原理也很简单,把一根钢筋的头部做成“N”字形,就可以卡住自来石,推至竖起,石门就能打开。使用的时候从石门外缝隙伸入,转动N字形头部,使其卡在自来石上,轻轻一推就可以了。

古代皇帝下葬后,为他修陵的工匠是如何逃生的?手段很高明

帝王陵寝逃生,工匠们用智慧救了自己。自来石和“拐钉钥匙”,一个是绝处逢春的千斤一挡,一个是妙手转圜的四两一推,就完成了看似不可能的任务,这就叫高明!

可工匠们的逃生,终究是在多少牺牲之下逼就的智慧,就因为封建帝王的陵寝内藏有珍宝,又怕被人惦记盗掘,就牺牲了为自己辛苦修筑陵寝的工匠。在这种逃不开的怪圈中,工匠们为了自保,只能一辈更比一辈聪明,听起来就止不住的悲哀。

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