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曾創造世界經濟奇跡,有望成為超級大國,卻走錯了三步 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

曾創造世界經濟奇跡,有望成為超級大國,卻走錯了三步

曾創造世界經濟奇跡,有望成為超級大國,卻走錯了三步
2,510

巴西拥有丰富的自然资源和完整的工业基础,其国内生产总值位居南美洲第一。在巅峰时期,巴西还成为了世界第七大经济体,虽然近年来有所回落,但巴西依然在世界经济10大强国的队伍里面,2019年巴西的GDP就为1.84万亿美元,是世界第九大经济体。不过值得一提的是,巴西的经济虽然不错,但专家们却认为,巴西应该表现得更好!

根据资料显示,在1968年到1973年期间,巴西经济的平均增长率高达11.2%,被誉为是“巴西奇迹”、“世界经济奇迹”。当时,许多专家就认为:巴西有望超越美国,成为新的超级大国。曾经的巴西总统卢拉就说过这样一句话:“19世纪是属于欧洲的,20世纪是属于美国的,而21世纪则是属于巴西的!”为什么巴西总统会这样自信,认为巴西能成为超级大国?

这主要就是因为,巴西确实具备成为超级大国的必备条件。比如说:巴西的土地总面积达到了851.49万平方公里,是南美洲最大的国家,居世界第五。同时,巴西的人口也很多,总人口达到了2亿,具有充足的社会劳动力。不管是土地资源,还是人力资源,巴西都非常丰富。最重要的是,巴西的自然资源也非常丰富,巴西是世界第二大铁矿石生产国,世界第九大石油生产国,巴西不仅没有资源紧缺的限制,还能靠出口资源赚钱。

所以从各个方面来看,巴西的经济都应该大有可为。但结果却是,巴西的经济并没有像专家预测的那样崛起,反而是陷入了“中等收入陷阱”里面。而之所以会出现这样的情况,主要就是因为巴西做出了三大错误选择。第一个错误选择:过早的“去工业化”。发达国家都喜欢去“工业化”,向服务业(电子信息时代的产业)转型,美国和英国等诸多国家,就是这样选择的。

按理来说,巴西实施“去工业化”,向服务业转型,并没有什么大问题,但错就错在巴西转型的时间过早了一点,在经济基础还没打好的情况下,贸然进行服务业转型,这就是在自毁前程。第二个错误选择:过于依赖大宗商品出口。经济发展必须要全面,巴西老是靠出口矿石石油等资源去获取利润,很容易就会成为“香蕉共和国”,遭到国外的阻击,抗经济风险的能力极差。

第三个错误选择:过早实施”社会高福利”。社会高福利是一个无底洞,欧洲多个国家就因为提供高待遇的社会福利,而陷入了经济困境之中,希腊更是因此破产。虽然搞”社会高福利”,对人民来说是一件好事,但这也得量力而行才是。巴西的经济水平,只能说是中等偏上,结果在这种情况下,巴西却玩起了许多发达国家都不敢轻易尝试的”高福利待遇”,这就给巴西经济的发展带来了严重影响。

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