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怕挨中國「如來神掌」!美國航母開始嫌棄「超級大黃蜂」腿短 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

怕挨中國「如來神掌」!美國航母開始嫌棄「超級大黃蜂」腿短

怕挨中國「如來神掌」!美國航母開始嫌棄「超級大黃蜂」腿短
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自第二次世界大戰至今,航空母艦一直是裝備界的「海上霸主」,也是美國用於維護自身霸權的大殺器。航空母艦卓越的戰鬥力並非來自於艦體本身,而是來自於其上搭載的數十架各種型號的作戰飛機,正是靠著這幾十架飛機,航空母艦才能夠有效控制上百萬平方公里的海域,並且同時滿足防空、反艦、反潛和對地攻擊等多種作戰任務的需求。

(高性能艦載戰鬥機是航母稱雄的根本)

不過,即便是戰鬥力如此強大的航空母艦也不是萬能的,航母的作戰範圍受其搭載戰鬥機的作戰半徑限制,而最近美國海軍就在為航母艦載機作戰半徑的問題發愁。

(「超級大黃蜂」艦載機在美軍航母上彈射起飛)

航母艦載戰鬥機的基本性能和陸基戰鬥機相當,特別是由於美軍的航母還是安裝了彈射器的平甲板超級航母,因此美國航母艦載機可以實現滿油滿彈狀態起飛。在這種情況下,航母艦載機的作戰半徑一般在500~1000公里之間,這其中承擔對空防禦任務時,為了確保艦載機有足夠的巡航時間,所以航母的防空區通常劃定在距離航母本艦500公里左右的地方,而如果是執行對地對海攻擊任務,由於是快去快回,所以艦載機的作戰半徑通常可以達到1000公里左右。

(美國海軍現役主力的F/A-18E/F「超級大黃蜂」艦載戰鬥機滿載狀態變身「炸彈卡車」!)

在以往,美軍的航母戰鬥群只需要保持在距離敵方海岸800~1000公里遠的海域,就可以有效躲避敵方陸基航空兵的打擊,這是因為全球絕大多數瀕海國家的海上搜索能力都很差,對於遠海1000公里距離上活動的美軍航母,幾乎很難做到有效發現,自然也就更談不上有效打擊了。

特別是以往美國的潛在對手,哪怕是冷戰時期的前蘇聯,都是以反艦飛彈作為反航母的主要武器,而美軍航母的眾多護航艦艇都攜帶有大量的防空飛彈和防空炮,這樣美軍就可以由艦載機、防空飛彈、防空炮等多種防空武器構成一套多層次的防空網,有效攔截來襲的各種反艦飛彈。

但是,最近美軍苦心經營幾十年的這套防空體系徹底失靈了!至於原因嘛,大家都知道:世界上有一個國家大規模列裝了一種全新的武器——反艦彈道飛彈!

(蘇聯的反艦彈道飛彈從1962年就已經開始研究,到1972年首次試射,1973年正式定型)

其實反艦彈道飛彈並不是我國首創,早在1962年,蘇聯就在3M20潛射彈道飛彈的基礎上研製成功了4K18型反艦彈道飛彈,而且蘇聯這種飛彈的技術難度其實更高,因為蘇聯這種反艦彈道飛彈是一種潛射飛彈,蘇聯海軍原本計劃在667型核潛艇上列裝這種飛彈。4K18型反艦彈道飛彈1972年在一艘改裝過的629型常規飛彈潛艇上首次試射成功,並在1973年正式定型,然而由於種種原因,這種劃時代的「航母殺手」最終還是「胎死腹中」。

(東風快遞,使命必達)

在建國70周年的大閱兵上,解放軍列裝的兩款反艦彈道飛彈正式公開亮相,中國也成為目前全球唯二擁有反艦彈道飛彈的國家(另外一個是伊朗,但是其反艦彈道飛彈的性能始終存在疑問)。當年蘇聯海軍的4K18型飛彈有效射程僅有1100公里,作為陸基飛彈的話,和航母艦載機對抗沒有任何技術優勢,所以蘇聯計劃將其裝備在核潛艇上,前出大西洋,在遠海殲滅美軍的航母戰鬥群。中國目前列裝的這兩種飛彈都是陸基飛彈,不過由於技術的進步,其射程和精度都遠遠超過蘇聯的4K18型飛彈,所以即便是陸基部署,其火力覆蓋面積也遠遠超過了1000公里的艦載戰鬥機作戰半徑。這一點,令美國海軍十分頭疼。

(F/A-18的保型油箱設計和F-16相似,上圖為安裝了保型油箱的F/A-18F型雙座戰鬥機)

美國人傷腦筋的原因無非就是,我們的反艦彈道飛彈射程太遠,而美軍艦載的F/A-18E/F「超級大黃蜂」型戰鬥機的作戰半徑太短,美國航母如果想要發揮艦載機的作戰效能,就不得不冒險進入反艦彈道飛彈的火力打擊範圍,否則就無法利用艦載機進行有效作戰。為了能夠改變這一局面,F/A-18E/F戰鬥機的生產方,美國波音公司計劃給該機安裝保型油箱,以增大該機的燃油攜帶量,進而增大飛機的航程和作戰半徑。

(雖然F/A-18戰鬥機可以實現「夥伴加油」,但是夥伴加油所能提供的燃油有限,無法大規模提升戰鬥機的航程,僅作為應急使用)

在F/A-18E/F戰鬥機之前,美軍在多款戰鬥機上都有成功安裝保型油箱的記錄,例如目前美國空軍主力的F-15和F-16戰鬥機都有安裝保型油箱的型號,特別是雙發重型的F-15戰鬥機,其設計的保型油箱非常獨特,在油箱外側還增加了多個外掛點,安裝保型油箱後還可以掛載更多的彈藥!

(在波音公司的CG宣傳圖裡,新版「超級大黃蜂」原本是有保形油箱的,不過現在取消了)

而且波音公司也為加拿大和科威特兩國空軍的F/A-18戰鬥機成功安裝了保型油箱,但是美國海軍在最新公布的F/A-18E/F戰鬥機block3型升級方案中已經取消了有關保形油箱的內容。美國海軍官方聲稱取消保型油箱是與「成本、進度和性能」相關的問題。

但是外界的普遍看法是,保型油箱的強度可能存在問題,雖然這種設計在陸基起降的F/A-18戰鬥機上可以正常使用,但是很有可能這種保型油箱無法承受艦載戰鬥機起飛時的彈射過載,同時在航母機庫狹窄的環境中,也無法對保型油箱進行拆裝和維護保養。

(罕見的「三機疊羅漢」)

為了能夠有效克服F/A-18E/F型戰鬥機「腿短」的問題,美軍還計劃在島鏈上大量修築前沿機場,並部署加油機,這樣就可以為F/A-18E/F型戰鬥機提供空中加油,以確保其航程,但是這一方案同樣很不可行,因為即便再小的機場,也會暴露在偵察衛星面前,而且島鏈目標相對單一,幾乎無法隱蔽,所以在戰時必然會首先遭到從天而降的「如來神掌」的摧毀,總之,美軍的艦載戰鬥機已經很難在中國的近海來去自由,不僅艦載機無法來去自由,甚至連航母都岌岌可危,所以美軍才會感到無比頭疼。

(你見過一種「從天而降的掌法」嗎?)

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