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日本把領海寬度設為3海里,中國多了3條進出太平洋的通道 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

日本把領海寬度設為3海里,中國多了3條進出太平洋的通道

日本把領海寬度設為3海里,中國多了3條進出太平洋的通道
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領海是指與一國海岸線或內海相鄰的一定範圍的海域。劃定領海時,首先要確定一條線,這條線就是領海基線。領海基線的確立主要有三種方式,一是正常基線,以海水退潮線為準,海岸平直的國家大多採取這種方式。二是直線基線,也叫折線基線,即在大陸沿岸或沿岸島嶼上選定一些點作為基點,然後將基點相連,海岸曲折或島嶼偏多的國家大多採取這種方式。三是混合基線,即前兩種方式的混合使用。

日本把領海寬度設為3海里,中國多了3條進出太平洋的通道

領海基線確立以後,就可以沿領海基線向外測量領海了,而領海的多少與領海寬度有關。領海寬度的概念古已有之,但數百年來國際社會始終沒有對其形成一個統一標準,直至1982年《聯合國海洋法公約》問世(明確規定領海寬度不能超過12海里,即22.2公里)。目前,大多數國家宣布其領海寬度為12海里,但也有個別國家並未執行此規定,比如日本。

1977年,日本頒布《領海及毗鄰水域法》,明確指出在四處特定海域實施三海里領海制,即宗谷海峽、津輕海峽、大隅海峽和對馬海峽,自此,這些曲折狹長、扼守交通要衝的海峽成為了他國船隻可以自由通行的國際水道。日本此舉,從表面看,頗有一種自縛臂膀的感覺,但實際上卻是為了方便美軍行動且不與無核三原則衝突。

日本把領海寬度設為3海里,中國多了3條進出太平洋的通道

《日美安保條約》規定美國駐軍日本,且可以在日本建立、擴大和使用軍事基地和設施,而當日本施政領域遭受武力攻擊時,美日兩國則需要共同防衛。《日美安保條約》將日本置於了美國的軍事保護之下,所以為了便於美軍艦船快速地出入日本海、東海和進行前沿部署,日本特意將美軍必經海域的領海寬度縮短為3海里。同時這也是為了不與無核三原則衝突,無核三原則是1967年日本首相佐藤榮作提出,1971年日本國會通過的關於核武器的政策,即不製造、不擁有、不運進核武器。但是堅持無核化政策,則意味著日本需要美國的核保護,需要裝載核武器的美軍艦船和飛機自由暢行於日本東西海岸之間。而在實行三海里領海制之後,津輕海峽等處的中央水道就成為了公海,美國的核武器在此通過既為日本提供了核保護,又沒有違反無核三原則。但在方便美軍的同時,日本此舉也使中國獲得數條進出大洋之通道。

日本把領海寬度設為3海里,中國多了3條進出太平洋的通道

中國有近兩萬公里漫長而連續的海岸線,有數條進出太平洋的國際水道,其中巴士海峽最深(2000米以上,特別有利於潛艇隱蔽),宮古海峽最寬(平均240多公里),除此之外,得益於日本三海里領海制的實施,中國進出太平洋的通道還包括了以下三條,一是大隅海峽,二是對馬海峽至津輕海峽一線,三是對馬海峽至宗谷海峽一線。這些通道多以曲折狹長著稱,其中津輕海峽位於本州和北海道之間,最窄處僅20公里,艦船穿行時,周邊風光一覽無餘,別有一番感觸。隨著中國綜合國力的穩步增強,在上述通道中穿行的中國艦船必定越來越多,此情此景,值得期待。

日本把領海寬度設為3海里,中國多了3條進出太平洋的通道

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