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楊瀾對話尹志堯:美國芯片技術非世界最強,三點優勢助中國後來居上 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

楊瀾對話尹志堯:美國芯片技術非世界最強,三點優勢助中國後來居上

楊瀾對話尹志堯:美國芯片技術非世界最強,三點優勢助中國後來居上
2,727

 半导体集成电路是计算机、通信、电子产品等高新技术领域的核心,而半导体设备又是集成电路的基础产业。集成电路和半导体设备直接反映了国家的科技水平。目前,我国整体行业水平与国际先进水平仍有相当的差距,但尹博士对我国集成电路在未来达到世界领先水平信心满满。

  随着国家政策扶持和产业推动,我国半导体产业发展现状如何?与国际领先水平的距离有否缩减?《杨澜访谈录》对话中微公司创始团队的领头人、致力于物理化学反应器开发和工业化50年的尹志尧博士为我们详尽解读。

  

  尹志尧博士介绍,在我们的生活中到处是芯片。一台车里面大概有一百多个芯片,一台计算机里面也有几十到上百个芯片,而手机里面大概有二十个左右的芯片。这相较于60年前的电子管计算机,集成电路产业已经把微观器件面积缩小了一万亿倍。

  我们手里的有256G存储量的智能手机,要退回到60年前,相当于两百万栋五层的大楼,里面充满了电子管。这个以集成电路为核心的数码时代,是一个人类社会的根本革命,它在根本上改变了人们的生产方式和生活方式。这个革命也带来了技术上的垄断,就目前来看,在全世界能做芯片的只有几百家公司,而芯片制造设备的公司又缩减到了几十家,所以半导体芯片领域对技术的先进性非常依赖。

  芯片制造一条大的生产线要上百亿美元的投资,其中百分之七十左右用来买微观加工的设备,大类有十多类,细分设备达到170多种。在芯片领域,每一个具体设备在国际上只有两三家能够做到,是一个高度垄断的行业,也是我们被“卡脖子”的主要原因。

  尹博士继续介绍,我们国家的芯片发展其实速度很快。在中端和低端的芯片上已经具有相当的实力,但是在高端芯片上还有相当的差距,还受制于国外的设备。逻辑器件大概技术水平上差三代左右。像国际上最先进的晶圆厂,5纳米已经量产,而且3纳米很快就进入量产了。

  近40年来,从美国起源的芯片技术不断向亚洲转移。现在国际上百分之八十以上的生产线都建在亚洲。美国的芯片技术和制造已不是世界最强的了。

  

  在芯片半导体行业,国际之间是在不断竞争,但又相互依存的情况下发展起来的。没有任何一个国家可以独揽所有技术和设备。美国本土它能够做的芯片,或者做的设备也是有限的,也有将近一半的设备和材料要从日本、欧洲和亚洲进口。

  尹博士认为,我国在芯片产业链上虽然还落后,但也有自己的优势。首先,我们从芯片的设计到芯片的制造、设备、材料,等产业链的各方面都有布局,各环节比较完备。我们正在不断地推动技术上的进步,缩短与发达国家的差距。

  其次,在专业的人才上,华人在集成电路的历史上起到了非常关键的作用。尹博士自己在1984年英特尔中心研究开发部工作的时候,就注意到,很多研发题目组的组长和技术领头人都是华人。

  再次,在理论研究和基础开发上,华人对美国集成电路历史的发展作出了非常大的贡献。目前最先进的5纳米、3纳米的三极管的结构,其实是一位华人教授胡正明早提出来的。因为中国人注重数理化,工程技术,又有耐心,最适合搞集成电路。综上所述,华人在美国的集成电路的各个方面都起了非常大的作用,只要我们有一定的耐心,将来一定会成为世界芯片领域先进的国家。

  

  关注《杨澜访谈录——逐风者》

  请在腾讯新闻中搜索《杨澜访谈录》

  一起关注“逐风者”们逐风破浪的精彩故事!

  

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