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蘇聯圖-22轟炸機為何惡名昭著連自己人都害怕?真是飛行棺材? – 有海水的地方就有中國人

蘇聯圖-22轟炸機為何惡名昭著連自己人都害怕?真是飛行棺材?

蘇聯圖-22轟炸機為何惡名昭著連自己人都害怕?真是飛行棺材?
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图-22确实让我们害怕了一阵子,因为中苏交恶的时候我们没有有效的防空系统能打下来如此庞大的轰炸机。不过,更害怕这款超音速轰炸机的是苏联自己人,这又是为什么?

苏联图-22轰炸机为何恶名昭著连自己人都害怕?真是飞行棺材?

图-22眼罩

图-22轰炸机是有“眼罩”的“飞行棺材”?让苏联自己人都恐惧?

图-22轰炸机是苏联为了应对美国B58轰炸机而设计研制的超音速战略轰炸机,也是苏联装备的第一种超音速轰炸机。因为上世纪50年代苏联的图16已经不堪重任,面对美国B58毫无优势,苏联必须研发出一款性能更优异的轰炸机。最终这个艰巨的任务落在了著名的图波列夫设计局身上,以最快的速度研制出新一代超音速轰炸机以取得对美国B86的优势,因此,在1958年图-22轰炸机横空出世,但是1958年6月份试飞失败了,因为无法达到设计速度。所以推倒重新设计和试飞,直到1962年才交付苏联空军使用。

图-22可以对欧洲的战略目标投掷核武器攻击,这让当时的欧洲和我们都感到恐惧和害怕。图-22在尾部上方装备两台RD-7涡轮喷气发动机,提供的动力使其速度可加力到1.4马赫,可装载9吨的各型弹药或一枚Kh-22巡航导弹,设计任务是以团级飞行编队突击轰炸敌方纵深战略目标。图-22的作战半径约为1000千米。最大飞行高度为14700米,超音速攻击时的最大作战高度为12000米。

苏联图-22轰炸机为何恶名昭著连自己人都害怕?真是飞行棺材?

图-22两台RD-7发动机黑乎乎的喷口

图22也成为继美国B-58之后的全球第二款现役超音速轰炸机。因为图22的两发发动机在垂直尾翼两侧,正面看起来好像两只带着眼罩的眼睛,因此北约称之为“眼罩”。

图-22和B-58事故率都很高,因此被称为“食人族”和“飞行棺材”,1962年图-22轰炸机开始服役到1992年退役,图-22生产300多架却坠毁了70架,这样的安全记录实在糟糕。而美国B-58轰炸机作为图-22的对手,同样不甘寂寞,总共 生产116 架飞机,发生事故中损失了 26 架,有 36 名飞行员和机组人员丧命,而且在 1961 与和1965 年的巴黎航展上还摔了两次。可见这两种机型都是半斤八两,许多飞行员开始拒绝驾驶这两种轰炸机,逼迫机型改进,比如图-22随后衍生出14个机型,可见这架轰炸机让苏联自己人都感到恐惧,不得不一直改进,比如逆火就相当成功。

苏联图-22轰炸机为何恶名昭著连自己人都害怕?真是飞行棺材?

图-22M逆火

那么为何图-22安全性能差呢?

因为当时的苏联想在轰炸机上突破超音速,为了速度而对飞机的空气动力学做了极致的设计,机身缩小,头部减少空气阻力,机翼后掠角加大,这让驾驶舱变得很狭小,不但不舒服,而且视野很差,严重影响飞行安全,尤其是在着陆的时候起落架还不稳定,左右晃动,严重干扰了飞行员的操纵。

操作性能太差,各种操纵杆特别沉,没有练过力量的都掰不动,往往飞行员一下飞机全身湿透,好像开战斗机狗斗归来一样,可见此方面设计也有缺陷,何况图-22就一名飞行员,整个机组才3个人而已,如果长途飞行,飞行员容易疲劳而压力陡增,这让我们想起了80年代的老拖拉机,方向盘一般人都转不动一样。

还有两台发动机装的位置太靠近了,这会让这种大型飞机因为平衡性而不稳定,比如现在的大型运输机和轰炸机发动机都在机身两侧的机翼下面,这样让飞机更容易操纵。

苏联图-22轰炸机为何恶名昭著连自己人都害怕?真是飞行棺材?

图-22M3

这几个原因可能是图-22被污垢的主要原因,但是没有图-22就没有后来的改进机型,比如后来的图-22M逆火,还有图-22M1、图-22M2、图-22M3相继服役,性能越来越优异,直到今天图-22M3战略轰炸机还在为俄罗斯服役。

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