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真正的考驗來了,6套先進美制地空導彈送抵戰場,欲破蘇35金鐘罩 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

真正的考驗來了,6套先進美制地空導彈送抵戰場,欲破蘇35金鐘罩

真正的考驗來了,6套先進美制地空導彈送抵戰場,欲破蘇35金鐘罩
2,082

战争打响6个月以来,美国和西方对乌克兰的军援,总体上说是“小打小敲”。谨防战争过快升级、唯恐惹火上身,但美国对其军援力度也在持续加大,在军援“哈姆”高速机载反辐射导弹不久后,另一种从未在战场上出现过的美制先进地空导弹即将送达。

当地时间24日,五角大楼根据乌克兰安全援助计划(USAI),向乌克兰提供了一笔高达29.8亿美元的武器清单,从金额来说,是过去半年力度最大的一次,这次军援的武器的“主菜”就包括6套“国家先进地对空导弹系统”(NASAMS)以及数量不明的配套导弹。


图片:6联装的NASAMS

此外,还包括“吸血鬼反无人机系统”和不具名的激光制导火箭弹,重点是加强乌克兰炮兵力量,提供了高达24.5万发155mm榴弹炮炮弹,6.5万发120mm迫击炮弹和24套不具名的炮位侦察雷达,以及继“扫描鹰”轻型无人机之后,再次追加RQ-20“美洲狮”轻型无人机,用于为炮兵指示目标。


图片:德国也向乌军援若干Pzh2000(谐音梗攀枝花2000)

虽然西方军援乌克兰总体上是“口惠而不实”,但针对性还是挺强的。目前,在和俄军争夺制空权,特别在双方拉锯的乌东顿巴斯战区上空的制空权,乌军已经处于下风,能够出动的苏-27和米格-29制空战斗机已经严重不足,军援F-16这样的西方战斗机,不仅敏感,而且培训周期不短,“以地制空”是一个良好的选择。


图片:发射中的AIM-120

当然,美国绝不提供最先进的“爱国者”PAC-3地空导弹,NASAMS这种虽然是美国技术但美军几乎没有装备的地空导弹,成为了首选。这种防空系统其实是美国和挪威合作研制的,本质上是著名的AIM-120“AMRAAM”先进主动雷达末制导中距空空导弹改成的地空型,由雷声公司和挪威康斯伯格公司合作研发。


图片:不过,机动能力却比“山毛榉”差很远

第一代的NASASM防空系统在1998年投入使用,启动用户就是挪威皇家空军。它使用一个半机动牵引式的6联装发射架发射AIM-120导弹,虽然这种导弹是“射后不理”的,但导弹导引头的作用距离、扫描角并不能发现和截获来袭空中目标,因此配备了一部美制AN/MPQ-64“哨兵”X波段三坐标雷达,这种雷达最早脱胎于休斯AN/TPQ-36A炮位侦测雷达,用于搜索和发现低空来袭目标,作用距离为40公里,最初是为“霍克21”地空导弹研制的。


图片:配套的“哨兵”雷达

由于雷达相对“近视”,加上失去了空中发射的升力,因此地空版本的AIM-120,通过NASASM防空系统发射时,射程从70公里极度缩水到21公里,甚至不如“山毛榉”地空导弹,不过AIM-120具有自主交战能力,抗干扰和多目标接战能力要显著由于半主动雷达制导的“山毛榉”。


图片:“山毛榉”M3,半主动雷达照射雷达依然位于发射架最前侧

2006年,挪威皇家空军收到了NASASM-2地空导弹武器系统,主要是改用了AN/MPQ-64F1“改进型哨兵”雷达、升级数据链和红外前视跟踪系统,不过升级更大的NASASM-3一直到2019年才推出,它放弃了“半路出家”的AIM-120导弹,直接把“改进型海麻雀”(ESSM)搬上陆地。


图片:发射中的AMRAAM-ER

NASASM-3的新导弹叫AMRAAM-ER,射程猛增至50公里以上,同时可以使用AIM-9X blockII型红外热像格斗导弹的地空版,两种制导方式,敌机更难躲避,不过AMRAAM-ER直到2021年才试射成功,乌克兰很大可能获得的是老版本,甚至可能是最早使用悍马高机动车的4联装版本。


图片:但也不排除是这个最“青春”的版本

目前,俄空天军投入乌克兰战场最有力的战斗机莫过于苏-35,俄军也宣称多个“超级侧卫”机组获得5架以上战果成为王牌飞行员,这种战斗机使用“雪豹”无源相控阵机载火控雷达和R-77-1先进中距空空导弹、R-74先进格斗空空导弹,比乌军的苏-27和米格-29先进半代左右,稳稳占据上风,后者只能发射半主动雷达制导的R-27型中距空空导弹。


图片:苏-35前视红外转塔前方凸起就是分布光电探头之一

而面对NASASM地空导弹,苏-35将迎来巨大的考验。由于这种美制地空导弹虽然野战机动性能不及“山毛榉”,但导弹“射后不理”,如果配合完全不发出制导信号的AIM-9X导弹,对低空飞行的战机杀伤力更大,苏-35标配的L-150-35电子干扰吊舱能够与之对抗是一个问号,事实上在也门战场上,胡赛武装使用卡车发射的红外制导的R-27中距空空导弹,揍下过沙特空军的F-15S多用途战斗机。


图片:德国提供的IRIS-T红外成像地空导弹,但尚未到位

不过,苏-35身上有一个“侧卫”家族绝无仅有的利器——OAP分布式光电告警系统(类似于F-35和歼-20上的光电分布式孔径系统EODAS),能够全向探测来袭地空或空空导弹的尾焰,在乌克兰战场上表现不俗,是苏-35只有个别被击落、保持极低战损的秘密武器,能够经受考验,也是一个问号。


图片:苏-35一共有8个OAP光电告警探头

而美国之所以向乌军提供NASASM地空导弹,也是因为美军除了保卫华盛顿特区国会大厦等极少数单位几乎没有装备,希望能够给俄军战机“放放血”,即使被缴获,也不至于被严重窃密。

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