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若打仗,如何才能癱瘓一座空軍機場呢?巡航導彈和子母彈都不合適 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

若打仗,如何才能癱瘓一座空軍機場呢?巡航導彈和子母彈都不合適

若打仗,如何才能癱瘓一座空軍機場呢?巡航導彈和子母彈都不合適
2,123

在现代战争中,空军的重要性越来越大,因此现代的很多战争干脆就是直接围绕制空权来进行,比如说海湾战争、第五次中东战争等等。

而在空战中,最好的办法是将敌人的战机直接消灭在机场,或者是破坏敌方机场跑道,让敌方机场瘫痪。那么一旦打仗,怎么才能瘫痪一座空军机场呢

军用机场难以被破坏

有人认为,应该用巡航导弹或子母弹打击敌方机场。

巡航导弹威力大、精准度高,能够精准落到敌方机场跑道上。子母弹在丢下去后会散开,形成大面积的打击区域,这样能对机场跑道造成大面积破坏。然而事实上这两款武器都不适合,它们在真正的战争中对机场的破坏效果很有限

因为空军机场使用的跑道相当特殊,它并非单纯的钢筋水泥,而是由碎石子和速干水泥构成的。在建设机场跑道的时候,会先将碎石子使劲压平,然后再在上面铺一层速干水泥。速干水泥的硬度和韧性都比较高,地下的碎石子则有很强的抗冲击波能力

如果用巡航导弹打击军用机场跑道,跑道下的碎石子会在很大程度上消减掉它的冲击波,这样巡航导弹对跑道炸的坑会相当小

如果用子母弹炸机场炮弹,以子母弹的威力则只能对跑道表皮的速干水泥造成一定的破坏,让跑道出现若干小坑

机场弹坑填补作业

这些破坏在现代弹坑填补作业体系中非常好解决,无非就是用碎石子将坑填起来,之后用压路机一压,最后再铺一层速干水泥。如果动作快,整个过程持续时间不会超过半小时

而且现代战机所需的起飞距离并不长,紧急情况下在不到500米的机场跑道上就能起飞。但机场长度一般都有2500~3000米,所以只要跑道整体不被破坏,战机在机场跑道被轰炸后依旧有升空的可能。

第四次中东战争,以色列曾密集轰炸了埃及的前线机场。但埃及空军很快反应了过来,在机场已经被造成一定破坏的情况下紧急升空。

之后空战很快结束,在埃及空军返航时发现机场已经被修复一新,从以色列袭击到埃及空军降落,时间不过短短的半小时

可见不管是常规的航弹还是巡航导弹,亦或者是子母弹,对机场的破坏都相当有限。即使是能一次性钻出数米大坑的钻地导弹,也无法长时间瘫痪一座空军机场。毕竟以空军机场的碎石子铺速干水泥的结构,这种坑很快就能补上。

瘫痪机场的办法

那么到底要怎么样才能瘫痪敌方的空军机场呢?办法有三种。

第一是直接上核武器。这个办法最为简单粗暴,限制也很大。毕竟自二战之后还没有在战场上使用核武器的先例(如果不算贫铀弹的话),直接用核武器打击敌方空军基地无疑会打开某种潘多拉魔盒。

不过它的效果很明显,美国曾在内华达州核试验场试爆过一枚10万吨当量的原子弹,这枚原子弹在地下引爆,炸出了一个直径420米、深上百米的大坑。

此外美国在广岛丢的那颗原子弹,当量1.5万吨,在离地500多米的高度爆炸,爆炸中心16公里内没啥活物,1公里内就连花岗岩都融化了,爆炸坑也有直径几十米。

所以一枚爆炸当量仅有几千吨的核武器,丢到敌方空军机场跑道上后,就足以彻底瘫痪这座跑道。

像美苏两国在冷战期间就曾大量制造这种“战术核武器”,它们的爆炸当量都在数千吨以下,甚至更低(美国造出过当量仅有72吨的W48核炮弹)。尤其是苏联,解体时爆出它存有超过1万枚战术核弹头。

至于这些战术核武器的打击目标,自然是像军用机场这类难以用常规武器瘫痪的设施。

第二种办法就是对敌方机场实施高强度的轰炸

只要丢到敌方机场跑道上的炮弹够多,敌方战机就飞不起来。比如说使用远程火炮对机场实施覆盖打击,每天来3~5轮火炮打击,这样敌方机场的工兵就根本没时间修理机场跑道。

第三种办法是对敌方空域实施封锁

比如派遣无人机在敌方机场上空进行高强度、长时间的巡航。敌方工兵要是想修机场跑道,无人机就丢几枚航弹下去。这样也能以较低的成本,让敌方机场在一定时间内瘫痪。

不过我们不难看出这三种办法的限制都比较大,核武器就不用说了。第二种办法需要我方的远程火炮射击距离足够远,精度足够高。

要是射程和精度都不足,就只能将火炮挪到机场周围几十公里内。要是火炮的位置都能靠近敌方机场这么近了,那打不打击敌方机场其实意义已经不大

第三种办法则需要我方有完全的制空权,毕竟我方无人机要想在敌方机场上空飞来飞去,就得保证敌方失去所有防空力量。都到这一步,距离陆军完全占领敌方机场也不远了。

正是因为军用机场难以被破坏,再加上要想完全瘫痪它的种种限制,在现代空战中各国比起破坏敌方机场,更倾向于炸毁敌方战机

由此一些国家研制出了钻地弹,能直接穿透敌方机场周围的地下机库穹顶,炸毁敌方战机,这样破不破坏敌方机场跑道也就无所谓了。

不过钻地弹的限制也很大,它难以携带,且钻地能力也很有限,如果遇上敌方直接将机库建在山体里就没法了。

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