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美國通脹或已見頂!但市場卻一片擔憂,“陣痛代價”誰來背負? – 有海水的地方就有中國人

美國通脹或已見頂!但市場卻一片擔憂,“陣痛代價”誰來背負?

美國通脹或已見頂!但市場卻一片擔憂,“陣痛代價”誰來背負?
2,114

8月8日,据美国纽约联储周一公布的一项调查显示,美国消费者对今后一年的通胀率的预期大幅下降,尽管这表明市场认可美联储遏制通胀的努力,但是也包含了对于衰退的担忧。

据这份调查报告数据显示,对一年内通胀预期中位数下降0.6%至6.2%,三年期展望下降0.4%至3.2%,分别为今年2月和去年4月以来最低水平。

另外,据美国NFIB的数据显示,上月小企业信心指数小幅上涨0.4点,尽管仍处于低潮位置,但却是该数据自去年12月以来首次回温。

而美联储内最激进的“鹰派”成员,圣路易斯联储主席布拉德也表示,即将公布的7月通胀数据将有所缓解。

诸多信号都预示着美国此次高通胀或许将度过“最高峰”,但市场并未感到欢迎鼓舞。尽管目前美债市场并未出现明显方向,但是可以确定的是:市场担忧情绪仍旧浓厚。

美债收益率隔夜普遍走高。截至昨日纽约时段尾盘,2年期国债收益率上涨6.2个基点、5年期上涨5.4个基点、10年期上涨2.2个基点、30年期上涨0.5个基点。收益率上涨意味着债券被抛售,短期国债收益率大幅上涨,意味着市场不看好短期经济前景,大量抛售美债。

更加值得警惕的是,美债收益率倒挂日益加深。

昨日,2年期和10年期国债间利差达到-49个基点,为2000年以来最大差值。收益率倒挂(即利差为负)是非常罕见的金融现象,而且收益率倒挂往往是经济衰退的前兆。按照1900年来的历史数据统计,约70%的倒挂发生后,经济在半年到一年后陷入衰退。

尽管市场预计7月通胀将小幅降温,但依旧无法阻止美联储进一步加息的步伐。而紧缩的货币政策和紧张的世界市场供应链将进一步削弱经济动能,提升衰退风险。

此次美联储的态度,让人不禁联想起20世纪80年代的美联储主席保罗·沃尔克。1979年时,美国通胀率达到13%的高位,时任总统卡特任命沃尔克为美联储主席。沃尔克通过大幅加息、减少货币供应增长量等坚定的鹰派手段,成功抑制了旷日持久的高通胀,但是也使美国经济陷入1929年大萧条后的最严重衰退期,数百万的小企业和小农场主破产,全国上下怨声载道。

尽管自沃尔克以后,美国经济长期保持较低的通胀率,支持沃尔克的人用“阵痛”来为其辩解。但是,无数的小企业、大学毕业生、小店主、农民等等,他们都不是简单的“代价”,或者冷冰冰的统计数字,他们遭受了切实的痛苦。这种简单的“成本—收益”式的计算方式,并不适合用于制定现代国家的经济政策。

而且,实际上,降低通胀有许多可选的路径,激进加息只是其中一种,也是副作用较大的一种。高通胀实际上是结构性的问题,加息往往只是治标不治本。因此,一遇到高通胀就制造衰退的“沃尔克式”的路径,并不适合作为一种常态化选项。

如今看来,鲍威尔及其领导的美联储,表现出坚定对抗通胀的决心,意图走40年前沃尔克的老路,制造一场衰退来遏制通胀。而这次,谁会是 “阵痛”的“代价”?

文 | 魏来 题 | 黄梓昕 审 | 李泽钚

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