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中日兩大債主,帶頭拋出美債,美國到處制裁,壞了美元的根基 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

中日兩大債主,帶頭拋出美債,美國到處制裁,壞了美元的根基

中日兩大債主,帶頭拋出美債,美國到處制裁,壞了美元的根基
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众所周知,美国是当今世界综合国力最强的经济体,美国国债也一直因为其安全、稳定且收益率极高的特点,在国际投资市场广受欢迎。许多国家都持有大量的美债。但在近日,美国政府最大的两个债主——中国和日本却不约而同地开始减持手中的美元债券。

根据美国财政部最新数据,截止到今年5月,中国已连续六个月减持美债,现在中国手中的美债金额已降至9808亿美元。这也是12年来,中国持有美债金额首度跌破万亿美元大关。而作为美国现在最大的债主,日本也已经连续三个月减持美债,截至5月末,日本的美债持有量也已下降到了1.2万亿美元,为2020年来的最低值。

对于中日两国大幅度减持美债,CNBC等美国媒体普遍认为,这是由于美联储近期为了解决通胀危机,连续进行了三次加息,导致了美债的吸引力下降。美媒还特意指出,中国减持美债还有优化外债结构的考虑。但美媒没有明说的是,中国减持美债的举动,一定程度上也是由于在经济领域对美国信任程度降低。

图注:中国持有美国国债数量变化(图源:彭博社)

首先,俄乌两国兵戎相见后,美国率领西方国家冻结了普京政府名下价值约3000亿美元的海外资产,而在这些海外资产之中,就有着不少是美债。除了俄罗斯,美国及其西方盟国,最近几年可没少单方面行动,冻结他国的海外资产。

而在特朗普掀起贸易战和拜登“印太战略”的影响下,中美关系远远算不上融洽,两国在许多国际问题上都有极大分歧,两国关系距离正式好转还有着很长的路要走。在此情况下,中国逐渐减持美债,优化外债结构,以防俄罗斯等国经历的事重演,也无可厚非。

其次,国债是以国家信用为基础的债券,而国家信用的高低,往往与经济形势直接挂钩。美债此前之所以坚挺,就是由于有美国经济作为基础。但在经历新冠疫情的不断冲击后,美国经济本就复苏乏力。俄乌冲突的爆发和西方对俄制裁导致的能源、粮食危机,更是让美国经济雪上加霜,通胀率已达40年来最高。

图注:美联储

为了解决通胀,美国又连续加息,使得美国经济硬着陆风险加大。如果美国经济真的崩盘,能否如期还债无疑将成为一个问题。毕竟,根据美方此前公布的数据,截至今年1月底,美国联邦政府的未偿债务余额已达30万亿美元。而在2021年,美国全年的国内生产总值也只有23万亿美元。更不用说,美国目前的经济形势更加严峻,今年第一季度,美国的国内生产总值已经出现了倒退。

值得注意的是,看到美国经济不稳定性加剧的,可不光中日两国。据悉,在俄乌冲突爆发,拜登政府挥起“制裁大棒”后,其他国家推动多年都没能显著增快的“去美元化”进程,反而陡然加速。沙特、印度、韩国等国,都在不同程度的减持美债。

由此可见,拜登政府纠结盟友对俄罗斯展开的制裁政策,还没能真正打垮普京政府,反而打在了自己的身上,并且还在某种程度上撼动了美元的根基。而从目前的情况来看,拜登领导的美国政府,似乎很难逆转美国眼下糟糕的经济形势。而同样难以被逆转的,恐怕还有美元影响力的消退,以及其他货币的在全球贸易结算体系中占比的上升之势。

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