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斯里蘭卡破產,還有9國面臨同樣命運,IMF總裁:2023年很危險 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

斯里蘭卡破產,還有9國面臨同樣命運,IMF總裁:2023年很危險

斯里蘭卡破產,還有9國面臨同樣命運,IMF總裁:2023年很危險
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或许,有没有一种可能,一场全球性经济危机已经爆发,只是具有经济领导地位的超级大国还不愿意承认。

这或许是过完2022年上半年后,全世界最应该反思的事情。

进入七月以来,越来越多的“2008”出现在了媒体的报道中,当2008年经济危机中的种种表现被作为今天的对比对象,我们会发现,二者之间有了越来越多的相似性,一些“超过2008年”“接近2008年”的字眼更是告诉我们,我们已经站在悬崖的边缘。

就连一直努力向外界传达积极信息的国际货币基金组织IMF也开始消极起来。此前在今年全球经济预期增速中给出3.6%估值的IMF也宣布再次重新商议下调预期增速估值,这是罕见的IMF一年内连续三次下调全球经济增速估值,同时也显现出了今年经济形势的严峻。

根据路透社7月6日的报道,IMF总裁克里斯塔利娜·格奥尔基耶娃表示:自今年4月以来,全球经济前景“明显暗淡”,而且鉴于风险上升,她不能排除2023年全球经济衰退的可能性。

这是非常委婉的政治辞令,因为当2022年过去半数时,大家都已经知道,今年全球绝大多数国家的经济数据即便正增长,同比增长数据也绝对跑不过通胀,如果来年全球经济增长率也如同格奥尔基耶娃所说的退为负数,那么2023年将更危险,全球衰退的时代也就真的到来了。

不过至少今年对于发达国家来说,还只是日子过得困难些,尚且还有回旋的余地在,通过适当的货币政策转嫁危机,还能维持国家部分职能运转,甚至实现经济的部分回暖。

而对于那些本就在经济颓势中风雨飘摇的新兴市场国家来说,在这波全球通胀危机中被发达国家当作泄洪池的命运已经在所难免。本就不振的经济形势下再被西方收割一波,等待这些小国的命运几乎是注定的破产。

过去六个月中,主权债务处于不良水平的新兴市场国家数量增加了一倍以上。现今有19个新兴市场国家的主权债务状况处于不良水平,虽然没有官方消息指明这些国家都有债务违约风险,但根据外网可以查询到的主权债务收益率来看,违约风险已经切实存在。

目前新兴市场国家共持有约1.4万亿美元外债,其中涉及19国的违约风险部分接近2500亿美元。考虑到现今就已经出现风险的国家普遍是体量相对小、经济状况相对差的国家,这2500亿美元债务如果违约,对他们来说将是灭顶之灾。

债务违约后国家会如何,我们能从已经出现违约状况的国家身上直观地看到。目前已经有斯里兰卡、黎巴嫩这样的小国出现实质性的债务违约。其中斯里兰卡是今年首个停止支付外债的国家,早在五月份就宣布债务违约,并在本月初正式宣布国家破产。

破产前的斯里兰卡就已经经历了数月的物资匮乏与内乱。四月以来,高通胀与物资匮乏引起的游行示威就不断发生,在接下来的两个月里,游行示威逐渐演变成内乱,加油站成为需要军队看守的重要场所,民众与军队的冲突不断酿成流血事件,政府却只能看着用于生活必需品进口的美元外汇逐渐枯竭。

7月初,斯里兰卡宣告破产以后,全国汽油储备仅够使用一天,而下一批运抵却要到22号以后。

在美国媒体的报道中如此描述:“加油的队伍像巨大的金属蟒蛇盘绕在整个郊区,一天比一天长。斯里兰卡的三轮出租摩托车司机要带着枕头、换洗衣服和水,排队48小时才能再次上路。”

伴随汽油储备枯竭的是生活必需品的全面枯竭,以及物价不受控制的飞涨。斯里兰卡央行今年累计加息超过800个基点,但仍收拢不起任何资金,也无法抑制物价的飞速上涨。

2200万斯里兰卡人中,约有30%的家庭三餐不继,面临饥饿威胁;70%的家庭为了减少食物消费,将一日三餐减少到两餐。学校已经因为严峻的国家形势关闭超过半个月,停电更是成为城市的常态。药品、食品、饮用水、生活用品,斯里兰卡缺少正常生活所需要的一切。

所有记者从斯里兰卡发回的报道几乎都描述了该国加油站前彻夜排队的奇观,以及街头乞丐数量激增的现象。根据环球时报发出的报道,该刊记者在斯里兰卡街头见到的乞丐除了失去劳动能力的老人,还有抱着婴儿的女性。

而IMF在整场事件中发挥的唯一作用,是五月份就开始与斯里兰卡政府谈判30亿援助贷款,但直到今天,这笔贷款依旧没能谈拢。

很难想象斯里兰卡这个国家几年前还是生活相对稳定的旅游胜地。虽然斯里兰卡并不富裕,但是内战结束后一直处于相对稳定的经济增长期,年人均GDP在3500到4000美元之间,属于中等偏下,相对于真正生存困难的欠发达国家来说,足够维持正常生活。

而发生在斯里兰卡身上的事情非常简单,俄乌开战后,能源危机被扩大,通胀率飙升,一些举债发展经济的小国没有足够的能力控制通胀的爆炸,又得不到外界实际帮助,本就处于崩溃边缘时,美国猛烈加息缩表,让美元汇率一时间暴涨,这些小国短时间内就变得无力支付债务利息,进入债务危机。

美联储加息的步伐不会停止,在美国强劲的非农就业数据回升下,看到成效的美联储不会在现在停下。这就注定了斯里兰卡的破产不会是斯里兰卡这个国家命运的结束,而是一场遍及新兴市场国家的危机的开始。

当美联储冷静地对外宣布加息有可能导致市场衰退,但必须执行时;当G7领导人笑谈间决定继续支持乌克兰,拖延战争进度时,一场新兴市场国家的经济危机实际上已经开始了。

或许在这场经济危机中,“新兴国家市场”这个相对西方发达国家与落后欠发达国家的概念也在逐渐变成伪命题,西方确信这场危机能被约束在这个命题范围内,但现实是谁也无法估量的。如果IMF继续发挥这种和稀泥的作用,新兴市场国家的经济危机未必不会变成全球的经济危机。

和斯里兰卡有类似处境的还有多个高外债、低外储的脆弱市场国家,根据国际货币基金组织和世界银行等机构的综合数据来看,至少还有9个国家的经济状况堪忧,甚至可能面临跟斯里兰卡同样的命运,这9个国家分别是阿富汗、阿根廷、埃及、老挝、黎巴嫩、缅甸、巴基斯坦、土耳其以及津巴布韦。

当美元资本抽离后,这些国家的处境都变得异常艰难。在上一次类似的事件中,美国成功把范围限定在了拉美,创造了举世闻名的拉美主权债务危机。今天历史兜兜转转又回到了这里,泄洪池的深度已经不如当年,欧美国家自身的情况也已经不如当年,当年的剧本却又一次摆到了面前,斯里兰卡的破产并不是结束,而是金融灾难的开始。

抱薪救火,竭泽而渔,我们终究还是看到了那套老剧本。哪怕这次再让发达国家扛了过去,那么下次呢?从拉美国家的实况看,两次周期之间被当作泄洪池的国家并不能有效恢复,再这么竭泽而渔,最后被饿死的,还是渔人。

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