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飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了
2,718

又是一個標籤話題:

這個話題是很多軍迷,尤其是海軍軍迷特別喜歡討論的事情,先說答案——任何軍艦或艦隊都怕飽和攻擊。這種飽和攻擊就像一群螞蟻可以啃光一頭大象一樣是量變產生質變的結果。

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

一旦進入飽和攻擊狀態,任何軍事目標都只有毀滅這一個結果。

當然了「飽和攻擊」事實上是存在的軍事術語,並不是大家杜撰出來的概念。當時「飽和攻擊」就是為了對付美國的航母戰鬥群而設計的。

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

蘇聯當年為了摧毀一個美國的航母戰鬥群,設計了一種持續性高強度的打擊模式,用大量的反艦飛彈、轟炸機對一個航母戰鬥群進行持續的進攻,在短時間內從空中、水面和水下不同方向,不同層次向同一個目標瞬間發射超出其防禦攔截能力的飛彈。

當打擊的密度和強度突破了艦隊防禦的極限後,這支艦隊就開始出現各種不同的損傷了,繼續這樣的打擊,艦隊就會被啃得連渣子都剩不下。

為此蘇聯不僅僅部署了大量的艦載反艦飛彈,也專門設計了很多武器來執行飽和攻擊的任務,例如我們現在常說的Tu-22轟炸機,在最初設計出來的最主要任務就是高速突防航母的防禦圈,發射反艦飛彈。

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

既然飽和攻擊對航母戰鬥群(也包括其他軍事目標)具有毀滅性而且是決定性的打擊能力,但是我們並沒有發現近代任何軍事行動上包含了飽和攻擊的特徵。

這種攻擊形式僅僅是在很多軍事愛好者的想像中。雖然飽和攻擊這件事有效、而且被各種軍事專家專門研究,但是實施起來並不容易。

「飽和攻擊」在軍事計算上是有公式的,叫做 N=M/P

N代表摧毀目標(戰術目標,目的)所需要的飛彈數量,M代表對目標達到預定的毀傷程度所需要的飛彈數量,P代表單枚飛彈的命中概率。

這個公式簡單吧?只要達到了N就是飽和攻擊。然而在現代作戰環境下,這個公式就得展開了。M並不是單一的M,P也並不是單一的P了,M要考慮艦船本身的損失管制能力和抗打擊能力、P也要考慮對方電子對抗、近程防禦、空間飛彈容量等等一系列的問題。於是這個公式就變成了這樣:

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

如果再考慮自己飛彈的性能和突防能力,以及飛彈載具的發射因數。公式又被擴展了,變成了這個樣子:

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

這就有點像費米悖論了,通過公式能計算出來宇宙中不僅僅只有人類,但是我們看不到外星人,原因就是宇宙太大了,以至於外星人難以和我們聯絡。

飽和攻擊也是一樣,飽和攻擊所需要的飛彈太多了,以至於軍隊很難發射出這麼多的飛彈。

說一個生活中的例子來看一下:

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

發射飛彈有點像放羊,你能給飛彈一個大的目標範圍,但你很難具體地控制每一枚飛彈的飛行路徑,於是蘇聯當年就做了一個領彈的概念,對一組飛彈中的一枚飛彈做精確控制,其他飛彈以這枚飛彈為「頭羊」跟隨者這枚飛彈飛向目標區域。

飽和攻擊?要達成這件事很不容易,航母目前安心了

為啥後來大家不這麼搞了呢?這種飛彈領航的方式需要飛彈自身發出很強的無線電信號,會提前暴露出飛彈的位置,喪失掉打擊的突然性。你的飛彈可以接收到的無線電信號,在對方的偵聽系統中也可以接收到。這樣一來,「頭羊」的方式就成了P700、P800飛彈最致命的問題。

如果沒有「頭羊」,飛彈就又恢復亂射的模式,這裡還是可以通過技術手段能解決一部分問題的,但問題的解決是以飛彈的空間密度降低為代價的。

即便是不考慮空間密度的問題,在各個方向發射大量飛彈也涉及到「軍事調度」的問題。現在也很難在不同的飛彈發射部隊和裝置上進行統一的調度,這就導致了飛彈極難通過量變達到質變的可行性。所以目前對航母進行打擊,大家還是在不斷的發展能夠高速突防的飛彈品種,而不是無腦的去疊加現有飛彈的數量以達到毀滅航母戰鬥群的目的。

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