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美國務卿致電盟友,「拉攏」東南亞將面臨三大挑戰 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

美國務卿致電盟友,「拉攏」東南亞將面臨三大挑戰

美國務卿致電盟友,「拉攏」東南亞將面臨三大挑戰
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美國務卿致電盟友,「拉攏」東南亞將面臨三大挑戰

「對於美國來說,這是新的一天。對世界來說,這也是新的一天,」這是安東尼·布林肯在確認擔任美國第71任國務卿時所說。上任幾小時後,布林肯就與墨西哥和加拿大的外交部長,以及韓國和日本等關鍵亞洲盟友進行了電話會談。

值得一提的是布林肯與東南亞國家的對話,因為它表明了拜登政府亞洲戰略的總體基調。在大國競爭的新舞台東南亞,拜登政府的外交政策將受到前所未有的考驗。

美國務卿致電盟友,「拉攏」東南亞將面臨三大挑戰

美新任國務卿安東尼·布林肯

美國將在該地區面臨巨大阻礙——棘手的盟友、搖擺不定的戰略夥伴和日益占主導優勢的中國,後者已為其東南亞鄰國帶來了切實的經濟利益。

美國國務院表示,在與菲律賓外長特奧多羅•洛欽通話時,布林肯重申了「強大的美菲同盟對自由開放的印度-太平洋地區至關重要」,並「強調了《共同防禦條約》對兩國安全的重要性」。這呼應了美國前政府對中國的強硬政策,布林肯強調「美國拒絕中國在南海的海洋權利主張,這些海域超出了1982年《海洋法公約》規定的中國主張的範圍。」

總的來說,我們可能會看到與前一屆政府更多的政策連續性,而不是完全的偏離。事實上,拜登在過去一年裡對中國採取了更加強硬的立場,因為民主黨人的立場變得更加強硬,他的「四大」內閣人選標誌著改良版川普亞洲戰略。

在布林肯的任命聽證會上,他表示,他認為「川普總統對中國採取更強硬的態度是正確的」,「基本原則是正確的,我認為這實際上對我們的外交政策有所幫助」。

與此同時,美國國家安全顧問傑克•沙利文表示,美國應該加強在南海的「航行自由行動」。至於美國國防部長勞埃德•奧斯汀,他將中國形容為「未來最大的威脅,因為中國正在崛起」,因此與俄羅斯等其他戰略對手不同。甚至較平和的財政部長珍妮特•耶倫也指責中國「濫用、不公平和非法的做法」,並警告稱美國「準備使用包括金融制裁在內的全套措施」來「對抗」中國。

然而,拜登政府將在策略上有所不同,尤其是在依靠地區盟友和戰略夥伴來限制中國方面。在東南亞,美國將面臨三大挑戰。

首先,菲美同盟的未來是不確定的,特別是在去年2月由於人權問題分歧,菲律賓總統杜特爾特決定終止與美國的《訪問部隊協議》之後。儘管他已經同意推遲終止該協議,該協議有助於美國軍隊大規模進入菲律賓參加聯合軍事演習。

此外,民主黨議員和拜登政府內部的進步派人士可能會推動對杜特爾特等菲律賓官員實施更嚴厲的制裁。國際刑事法院正在調查杜特爾特的禁毒戰爭。因此,拜登政府可能難以與菲律賓政府建立穩定的關係,除非在2022年大選中出現一位對美國更友好的總統。

其次,拜登政府還將面臨來自區域夥伴的懷疑,這些夥伴對美國外交政策的未來並不確定。拜登不僅在國內面臨著巨大的挑戰,包括公共衛生和經濟危機,而且考慮到他的高齡,人們還懷疑他是否會在2024年尋求連任。

事實上,人們還一直擔心川普式民粹主義在未來的回歸。因此,印尼、新加坡和馬來西亞等主要東南亞國家可能更願意通過與中美這兩個超級大國保持友好關係來對衝風險,而不是站在美國一邊對抗中國。

最後,拜登的區域經濟外交的前景也不明朗。這一點之所以重要,正是因為在東南亞等地發揮領導作用的關鍵因素是提供貿易和投資等切實利益,而中國在這方面已變得越來越熟練。

拜登政府可能會緩和川普與中國的貿易戰,並與亞洲和歐洲志同道合的大國結成技術聯盟。繼《區域全面經濟夥伴關係協定》(RCEP)達成後,拜登表示他將致力於國際貿易,以使中國不是「唯一的遊戲對象」。但任何重振歐巴馬時代的《跨太平洋夥伴關係》(TPP)或推動新版本協議的嘗試,都將面臨美國國內的強烈反對,包括民主黨和共和黨的經濟民粹主義者。

正如布林肯自己上任後不久承認的那樣:「很多事情都改變了,世界已經變了,我們從未經歷過這樣的時刻。「在東南亞尤其如此。

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