Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property AAL_Main::$notifications is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/aryo-activity-log/aryo-activity-log.php on line 103

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property AAL_Main::$export is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/aryo-activity-log/aryo-activity-log.php on line 104

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::offsetExists($k) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 309

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::offsetGet($k) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 317

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::offsetSet($k, $v) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 301

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::offsetUnset($k) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 313

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 328

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 339

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 350

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 362

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 375

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/easy-post-views-count/freemius/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 389

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Mongoose_Page_Plugin::$settings_page_url is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/facebook-page-feed-graph-api/inc/class-mongoose-page-plugin.php on line 228

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$settings_api is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 128

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$functions is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 139

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$update is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 140

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$settings is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 141

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$admin is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 142

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$query is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 143

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$cron is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 144

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$counter is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 145

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$columns is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 146

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$crawler_detect is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 147

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$frontend is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 148

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$dashboard is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 149

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Post_Views_Counter::$widgets is deprecated in /home2/yjjsh1yw/public_html/wp-content/plugins/post-views-counter/post-views-counter.php on line 150
一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧
2,793

碳纖維炸彈俗稱石墨炸彈,內部不是高能炸藥,而是特殊處理過的純碳纖維絲,每根細絲的直徑僅為0.001厘米,主要攻擊城市電力輸配系統,只要粘上這種細絲,高壓線、變電站、發電廠將會短路癱瘓。美軍曾經在伊拉克、塞爾維亞、委內瑞拉等國使用過石墨炸彈,會造成80%左右的電力系統被摧毀。

1991年1月17日至2月27日期間,以美國為首的盟國部隊開始打伊拉克,由數百架戰鬥機、偵察機、加油機、轟炸機等組成的編隊轟炸伊拉克。首先出動的是30架F-117A隱身戰機,這種戰機是世界上第一款隱形戰鬥機,外形奇特,由多個折面組成,上面有吸波材料,使雷達反射波集中在水平面的幾個波束內,達到隱身目的。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧

F-117A是所有參戰飛機中,唯一承擔攻擊巴格達市區目標的任務,主要在夜間出動,所以外號叫「夜鷹」,在整個轟炸期間,F-117A攻擊目標總數的40%,投彈命中率85%,伊拉克第一次見識到了什麼是隱形飛機,並且第一次嘗到了「石墨炸彈」的滋味。

為了能儘快讓伊拉克屈服,盟軍發射大量「戰斧」巡航飛彈,彈頭裡面不是炸藥,而是KIT-2「石墨彈頭」,這些飛彈不是以轟炸為目的,而是摧毀伊拉克境內多處城市的輸供電線路,這種石墨彈頭引爆後,空中會有很多石墨細絲,接觸電線後會造成大面積短路,此次轟炸導致伊拉克85%的供電系統癱瘓。

石墨炸彈和碳纖維炸彈有一些差別,主要是含碳量和結構不一樣。石墨纖維的分子結構已石墨化,含碳量高達99%,是一種具有層狀六方晶格石墨結構的纖維。而碳纖維含碳量低一些,大約是90%。但是它們的威力差不多,都可以讓城市電力系統癱瘓,這是什麼原理呢?

石墨炸彈運用了石墨容易導電的原理,石墨是碳元素的一種同素異形體,導電性比一般非金屬礦石高100多倍,導熱性超過鋼鐵,導熱係數隨溫度升高而降低,在極高的溫度下成為絕熱體。石墨每個碳原子的周邊連結著另外三個碳原子,以共價鍵結合,構成共價分子,每個碳原子均會放出一個電子,那些電子能夠自由移動,因此石墨導電性很好。

石墨炸彈內部是特殊處理的純碳纖維,這些纖維經過流體能量研磨加工,做成非常細長的絲,捲成團狀,並且要經過化學清洗,這樣做的目的是提高纖維的傳導性能。它們被塞進20厘米長,直徑6厘米,重1公斤的圓柱體內。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧

每個彈頭裡面可以塞200個這樣的罐體,罐體上面都有一個小降落傘,為的是讓罐體減速並保持垂直。到達特定的高度後罐體下面的爆炸裝置被引爆,內部的石墨纖維團隨風散開,就像一片雲彩覆蓋在目標上空。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧因為彈頭在電力系統上空爆炸,發電、變電、輸電、配電和用電系統,都成為進攻的目標,尤其是高壓線、變電站、變壓器等都會被像蜘蛛網一樣的碳纖維覆蓋,因為大部分電力系統的線路都沒有保護層,所以會造成短路,甚至會產生高溫電弧,引起電力火災。

石墨纖維非常細非常輕,會長時間漂浮在空中,會鑽進戰機或者雷達等設備內部,造成內部短路燒壞設備。強大的短路電流會使部分元件汽化,電子迅速形成離子通道導電從而產生電弧,融化的石墨纖維會粘在電力設備上,短路破壞效果更嚴重。短路和電弧會引發火災,使整個電網癱瘓,造成大規模停電。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧石墨炸彈的威力和現代發電工業的設計有直接關係,因為發電廠的電是不能直接輸送給用戶的,而是通過十分複雜的線路傳輸和變電網絡實現的。比如發電廠輸出的電壓為25000V(不同電廠輸出電壓不同,此處為舉例),首先要通過變壓器把電壓升高到40000V後才能入網,這樣為的是提高輸送效率,減少電力損耗。

220千伏左右的輸電電壓叫高壓輸電,330—750千伏的電壓叫超高壓輸電,1000千伏以上的電壓叫做特高壓輸電。因為電壓極高,電線上不能有保護層,這樣石墨炸彈才有可乘之機。電力還要通過多個變電站和變壓器,將高壓電降至標準工業或民用電壓,如220V才能被工廠和老百姓應用。

美軍通過轟炸伊拉克發現了石墨炸彈的很多弊端,比如當時的石墨炸彈附著性很差,風吹日曬後就被吹跑並且能恢復通電。於是多次改進,在CBU系列子母彈基礎上研發了一種新型「石墨炸彈」,也就是CBU-94,這款炸彈的彈頭中有200枚BLU-114/B子彈藥,另外還有 SUU-66/B 型戰術彈藥撒布器,這兩者組成了完整的CBU-94石墨炸彈。

CBU-94石墨炸彈被投遞到目標上方,爆炸後會有200個BLU-114/B型子彈藥散布出來,長20厘米,直徑6厘米,內有經化學處理的石墨細纖維和空氣傘,在目標上空爆炸後釋放出大量很細的碳纖維,一旦附著在變壓器、高壓線等上面,即可造成短路,並且經過處理後的石墨細絲更容易附著在上面,造成高壓電弧。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧1999年3月24日北約開始轟炸南聯盟,共發射2300枚飛彈,14000枚貧鈾彈和集束炸彈,2000多名平民喪生,經濟損失2000億美元。5月2日晚上,經過北約38天的轟炸,南聯盟首都貝爾格勒依舊燈火通明,突然之間,整座城市陷入黑暗。義大利阿維亞諾空軍基地有美軍的24架F-117A夜鷹隱形戰鬥機,美軍就是用F-117A 發射了CBU-94石墨炸彈, 造成南聯盟70%以上的地區斷電。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧

由於石墨纖維絲又細又輕,會長時間漂浮在空中,很難徹底清除,短時間內無法恢復電力。城市的電力設施都是暴露在空氣中,沒有任何防護措施,尤其是高壓電部分,1枚石墨炸彈能散布很大一片石墨纖維細絲,並且目前飛彈衛星定位很精準,所以1枚就能讓一座城市電力癱瘓。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧石墨炸彈有新的變種,就是在火箭彈的彈頭內裝滿石墨粉,攻擊的不是電力系統了,而是空中的戰機或直升機等目標,就算不能只能命中目標,也會在目標的周圍散布大量的石墨粉,這些粉塵非常的微小,可以直接進入飛機的電子設備中,從而燒毀電子元件,甚至短路造成飛機失靈,在電影《戰狼》中就有這個情節的描述。

石墨炸彈對軍艦和航空母艦有殺傷效果嗎?很可惜對艦船是沒有效果的,因為艦船處於高鹽高濕的海上環境,電路設備都是密封的,並且覆蓋了絕緣皮,有很強的絕緣性和抗干擾性,還會被鋪設在密封的管路中,因此即使是無孔不入的石墨纖維也很難找到下手的地方。

一顆「石墨炸彈」能摧毀整個城市的電力系統,伊拉克吃過大虧CBU-94石墨炸彈的學名為防空燈火管制炸彈,是一種子母彈,內部的彈藥為BLU-114B子彈藥,因為可以讓城市陷入黑暗,所以被形象地稱為「黑彈」、「斷電炸彈」、「軟炸彈」。人類為了戰爭絞盡腦汁發明了各種武器,如果可以鑄劍為犁,化干戈為玉帛,把目光看向星辰大海,或許現在人類已經飛出太陽系了。

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

You cannot copy content of this page

error: Content is protected !!
%d bloggers like this: