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德媒:美國禁止荷蘭將阿斯麥光刻機賣到中國,中國10年內自給自足 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

德媒:美國禁止荷蘭將阿斯麥光刻機賣到中國,中國10年內自給自足

德媒:美國禁止荷蘭將阿斯麥光刻機賣到中國,中國10年內自給自足
2,462

“它被称为‘世界上最复杂的机器’,但中国却不能得到它。因为美国总统拜登与前任特朗普一样,正在阻止其销售给中企。它就是荷兰阿斯麦公司(ASML Holding)生产的极紫外(EUV)光刻机。它是目前世界上最现代化的芯片生产设施。”

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

拜登打压中国芯片产业。

德国《焦点》周刊(Focus)7月18日以“拜登正在阻止销售——这就是为什么中国绝不能拥有这台超级机器”为题刊文称,EUV光刻机重180吨、售价高达1.26 亿欧元,是阿斯麦的独家产品,需要三架大型喷气式飞机来运输。自2017年开始生产以来,该公司已售出100台。

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

阿斯麦公司总部。

中国希望国内芯片厂能购得EUV光刻机。有了这台机器,包括华为等其他中国本土科技公司就能摆脱对外国供应商的依赖。甚至有媒体说,“若中国拥有它——可能会动摇全球经济。”实际上,中国最大芯片代工企业中芯国际早于2018年初就曾向阿斯麦订购一台EUV光刻机,但至今没有到货。因为荷兰在美国施压下,拒发外销中国的出口许可证。

EUV光刻机是阿斯麦耗时数十年开发的结晶。1997年,该公司采用波长极小的极紫外线,使用了美国、日本和德国的技术和零件,终于创造出EUV光刻机,并于2017年开始大批量制造。这台复杂机器可用于生产7nm以下制程芯片。英特尔、三星和台积电认识目前都使用EUV设备,生产用于智能手机、5G无线设备、人工智能电脑系统的尖端芯片。

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

超级机器。

ASML 预计今年将生产 42 台EUV光刻机,明年将生产 55 台。 2020 年,中国占阿斯麦总销售额的 17%。不过,这些销售额只涉及老一代设备。分析人士表示,没有阿斯麦最先进的机器,中国芯片制造商在国产工具赶上之前无法制造领先的芯片。

为了阻止中国芯片乃至高科技行业赶超美国。拜登在就职后不到一个月,就命令他的国家安全顾问沙利文与他的荷兰同行就两国“先进技术的密切合作”进行了交谈。美国官员敦促荷兰政府,继续限制阿斯麦与中国的业务。

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

EUV光刻机内部。

美国早从特朗普时代就开始施压荷兰,前国安顾问库伯曼曾于2019年邀请荷兰外交人员到白宫,并告诉他们“是盟友就不会把这类设备卖给中国”,他还威胁,阿斯麦的机器若少了美国的零件,就无法运作,而白宫有权限制这些零件出口到荷兰。

日前,美国国会的一个专家委员会也再次建议拜登总统,继续让来自阿斯麦的“超级机器”受到美国的出口限制。委员会妄言,有了它,中国可以制造用于人工智能技术的组件,这些组件也可以用于“军事应用”。

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

中芯国际有朝一日要赶超台积电。

对此,阿斯曼的一位女发言人对德国《图片报》说, “一如既往,阿斯麦的行为符合所有适用的法律和法规。目前,荷兰政府正在办理 EUV 光刻机对华出口许可证。我们完全理解,鉴于当前的地缘政治形势和迅速变化的国际立法,荷兰外交部可能需要时间做出决定。”

美国国际商用机器公司(IBM)的一位高级副总裁称,EUV光刻机是人类有史以来最复杂的机器。还有美国专家指出,中国无法取得阿斯麦的EUV光刻机,要创建自给自足的芯片产业将需要10年时间。而创建自给自足的芯片供应链需要至少10000亿美元。

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

中国芯片研发正在追赶美欧。

美国游说行动已导致中国与荷兰双边关系紧张。去年中国驻荷兰大使曾警告,若不准阿斯麦把尖端设备卖给中国,将有损两国贸易关系。

对于中国芯片业来说,10年有些远,但又很近。毕竟,中国过去芯片行业主要依赖外国企业,在研发、设计、制造等所有领域都与美欧及亚洲竞争对手存在巨大的差距。中国需要脚踏实地地发展。

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

华为大举进入芯片产业。

而且,中国企业正在以“中国速度”追赶。中科院也将对包括光刻机在内的关键核心技术、核心材料进行布局,以攻克这一重点技术。华为已经把芯片和光刻机作为新的研发重点。最近,华为在德国等国招聘芯片工程师、软件开发人员、人工智能研究人员等人才。华为在武汉的晶圆厂计划于 2022 年投产,在未来一年半内追赶美国同行。

此外,关于芯片好消息还不少:比如闻泰科技公司下属的安世半导体将收购位于英国威尔士的硅芯片厂Newport Wafer Fab,后者主要为汽车行业生产半导体。此外,中国企业Horizon Robotics还独辟蹊径,正在研发AI芯片,连德国奥迪、博世等也与其合作。

德媒:美国禁止荷兰将阿斯麦光刻机卖到中国,中国10年内自给自足

美国阻止不了中国芯片超越。

关键还有,中国是全球最大的半导体买家。阿斯麦首席执行官 Peter Wennink 也表示,出口限制“适得其反”。中国企业最快可能在3年内就能攻克光刻机技术难关。到时,荷兰、美国以及三星、台积电等可能成为最大输家。

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