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2024年美國要載人重返月球?美國專家:只是空談 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

2024年美國要載人重返月球?美國專家:只是空談

2024年美國要載人重返月球?美國專家:只是空談
2,900

前两天,美国公布了可能参与美国宇航局(NASA)重返月球计划的18位宇航员名单,包括9名男性和9名女性。

然而就目前来看,美国想要在2024年重返月球,希望不大,美国乔治华盛顿大学专家约翰罗格斯登在采访时也表示:这只是空谈。

太空发射系统仍未完成

如果想要重返月球,就一定不能缺少超重型运载火箭,而土星五号早已成为历史,美国从2011年开始研发土星五号的继任者太空发射系统。

“太空发射系统”竖立起来高约98米,重约550万磅(约合2500吨),起飞时推进力高达840万磅(约合3810吨)。它的负载能力高达70吨重,比土星五号月球轨道45吨的负载能力高出很多。

然而迄今为止,太空发射系统都还没有完成首飞,要知道,这可是美国几家王牌军工企业一起在通力合作,波音、洛马和二者家的联合发射同盟干大活,洛克达因负责液体发动机,诺格做固体助推,然而在2019年9月,波音才完成了太空发射系统(SLS)火箭核心及主要结构部件的组装。NASA随后表示,火箭及“猎户座”飞船的无人首飞将推迟到至少2020年年中,载人飞行任务推迟到2022年年中。

然而直到目前为止,“太空发射系统”还没有首发。从2011年首飞再推迟到2018年,然后再推迟到2019年,再然后到2020年,经费投入已经达到180亿美元左右,波音却还没有搞定这款超重型运载火箭,NASA只能再加钱,预计投入将达到360亿美元。

而之所以会出现这样的情况,是因为在管理、技术和基础设施等问题上表现不佳。

这些承包商(波音等)NASA航天中心,比如阿拉巴马州的马歇尔太空飞行中心、密西西比州的斯坦尼斯航天中心,以及路易斯安那州的米丘德装配工厂,都是当年因为阿波罗计划而诞生的,如今仍在为航天局制造火箭硬件。这些航天中心创造了成千上万个就业岗位,并给当地经济注入了数十亿美元的资金。

然而这也让他们习惯于拿到这些工作和合同,既没有太多的竞争,也不急于交付。这些组织问题成为了拖累太空发射系统的最主要原因之一。

人们将技术视作是唯一缺失的拼图,但在许多情况下,缺失的其实是管理技术的方式,是管理合同的方式,还有设置计划的方法。这些事情也需要有所创新才行。”

这也是为什么后来NASA扶持了马斯克的Space X和蓝色能源的原因,NASA希望,蓝色能源 、SpaceX和其他公司去竞争开发实现登月的方法,从中挑出我们认为最聪明的路线,然后投资买下这套方案,跟他们合作登月。

蓝色起源登月舱

假如顺利,太空发射系统2021年起飞,如果要实现载人登月,那也得到2025年之后。

钱不够

美国阿波罗持续10年,每年消耗了2.5%的GDP。放到现在相当于每年5000亿美元,可以40艘福特号航母了。坚持10年。也就意味着每年造40艘福特号航母,连续造10年。

而NASA 2019 财年预算申请总额为198.9 亿美元,其中分配给“深空探索系统”领域45.59 亿美元、“探索研究与技术”领域10.03 亿美元、“低地球轨道与空间飞行运行”领域46.25 亿美元、“科学”领域58.95 亿美元,“航空学”领域6.34 亿美元、“安保、安全与任务服务”领域27.50 亿美元、“建设、环境合规与恢复”领域3.88 亿美元、“检察长办公室”领域3930 万美元。

其中,NASA 通过“深空探索系统”、“探索研究与技术”、“低地球轨道与航天飞行运行”等渠道,一共为“重返月球”计划相关的任务和活动投资超过100 亿美元,而这压根不足以支撑NASA进行载人登月的任务。

NASA2019年预算表

过去几十年来,包括任美国总统都提出了大规模的载人航天计划,比如送人去月球和火星,然而都没有实现,都是雷声大雨点小,最大的一个原因是缺钱:NASA后来根本就没有拿到过能够跟阿波罗时代同等可观的预算

NASA在申请2020年经费的时候,提交了追加16亿美元资金,用于载人登月的申请。然而,美国在给NASA起草2020年预算案时,忽略了这一追加经费的申请。由此也可以看出,在对待NASA的预算经费上,美国不希望再额外出任何钱。

又想马儿跑,又不给马吃草,这样怎么可能完成登月任务呢?科技的发展虽然会推动生产力的发展,让载人登月所需要的资金进一步缩小,但是无论再怎么样缩小,这也是一笔非常庞大的数字。

总结

对于目前的美国来说,想要在2024年实现载人登月是一件非常不现实的事情,中国将在2030年实现载人登月,我们可以期待一下,美国和中国谁能在21世纪率先登月。

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