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讓英國如臨大敵的“無人機擾航”事件是烏龍?專家:或因群體恐慌 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

讓英國如臨大敵的“無人機擾航”事件是烏龍?專家:或因群體恐慌

讓英國如臨大敵的“無人機擾航”事件是烏龍?專家:或因群體恐慌
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英国《卫报》(The Guardian)12月1日发表深度报道,追踪回顾了2018年圣诞节前不久导致英国盖特威克机场关闭33小时的“目击无人机”事件。经过兴师动众的调查,最后的结果却很可能是“并没有无人机”。文章认为大量的所谓“无人机目击”报告是因为群体恐慌导致的。

据介绍,2018年12月19日晚上9点多,一名刚从盖特威克机场下班的机场保安人员打电话给机场控制中心,报告发现两架无人机。其中一架在机场大楼内的一辆车上方盘旋,另一架则沿着附近的围墙飞行。几分钟内,该机场唯一的跑道被关闭,所有航班也被暂停。

半小时内,20辆警车和机场保安车辆试图靠警灯和警笛震慑操作者。然而,这期间又有6起目击报告,其中5起来自警察。因为跑道关闭,大批飞机盘旋等待降落,其中十几架已经低油量报警。

滞留的旅客

滞留的旅客

午夜,已有58个航班改道或取消,但已连续一个小时没有看到任何无人机,机场试图重新开放跑道,可报告却突然又来了。一直到第二天,每当跑道准备重新开放时,就有更多的目击报告。工作人员和警方猜测,无人机操作员已经黑入飞行雷达系统,或者监听了警方或机场的通讯。一些人担心这些无人机是恐怖分子操纵的,并联想到前两年欧洲各地发生的多起恐怖袭击事件。重开跑道未果后,当地(萨塞克斯郡)警方向伦敦警察局的反恐部门发出了警报。

第二天早上9点30分左右,当地警方已经召集了其他五支警察部队的警察来协助搜查。一架直升机和多架无人机出动搜查那架可疑的无人机,但是毫无结果。随后,警方说这是蓄意的,但排除了与恐怖主义有关的可能。当天晚些时候,机场方面表示,无人机飞行的“目的是关闭机场,在圣诞节前带来最大的干扰”。

下午5点左右时,在机场的一名新闻摄影师又感觉发现了一架无人机,报警并用相机抓拍,但是当他查看照片后才发现那是10英里(约16公里)外的一架直升机;下午6点左右,军方带着军用反无人机系统抵达机场。但是晚上9:30分机场又因发现无人机而继续关闭,这个军用系统在晚上10点左右启动后也没有任何发现。

12月21日凌晨,这起无人机事件终于结束了。机场已经关闭了33个小时,超过1000个航班被取消,超过14万名乘客受到影响。

但蹊跷的是,共有170起无人机目击报告,其中115起后来被警方认定为“可信”。可是守候了两天的新闻记者们、数千名乘客和机场工作人员们都没拍到无人机。

这期间有多位“嫌疑人”被警方调查,但最后又都被排除嫌疑:无人机法律专业律师理查德·瑞安(Richard Ryan)就被当地警方传唤;一对夫妇保罗·盖特和伊莱恩·柯克在家中被12名武装警察闯入逮捕并被审讯了36个小时,但他们并没有无人机。

警方的调查行动持续了18个月,耗资80万英镑,涉及5支不同的队伍,但最后仍然没有破案。尽管缺乏证据,当地警方和盖特威克机场坚持认为,这是一次复杂、恶意和精心策划的袭击。

在社交媒体上,“盖特威克无人机”成了笑料,许多人质疑事件是否真的发生过。经营无人机店的西蒙·戴尔(Simon Dale)表示无人机从航站楼飞进飞出是很难做到的,有人在几十英里之外遥控它的设想不成立,用3G控制也不太现实;瑞安则认为,大多数无人机都没有像“收割者”或“捕食者”等军用无人机那样的续航能力,“如果有人驾驶无人机飞行数小时,他们需要一车电池”;无人机爱好者伊恩·哈德森(Ian Hudson)也认为事件有诸多蹊跷。

机场屋顶上的警察

机场屋顶上的警察

12月23日,也就是事件发生几天后,当地警方的杰森·廷利(Jason Tingley)公开表达了许多人的想法:该机场是英国监控最严格的地区之一,却并没有发现确凿的证据,所以“从一开始就有可能没有任何真正的无人机活动”。机场和警方在公开场合都坚持认为肯定有无人机入侵。但私下里,有些人却对此表示怀疑,一位了解此案的警官说“我们在搜集证据,我没有看到任何证据。”

该文还提到,盖特威克机场事件发生后的几个月里,世界各地的机场都出现了声称的无人机目击事件——尽管每次都只导致机场关闭约一小时。

在最后的分析中,文章提到,上世纪60年代,英国航空事故检查部门主管珀西•沃克(Percy Walker)说,航空事故的目击者“几乎总是错的”。随后的学术研究也证明人眼很难准确地评估远处快速运动的目标。

此外,该文还提到一个概念:“群体性恐慌”,此时人们会给一些一直存在却未被注意的东西归结上邪恶的原因。典型的例子是1954年4月的“西雅图风挡蚀点”事件,当时在西雅图的贝灵汉镇和华盛顿州的其他社区,人们发现汽车挡风玻璃上存在轻微的凹坑,这通常是沙子或其它小碎片高速撞击风挡所致,但许多人却把这归因于几周前美国在太平洋试爆的一枚氢弹,还有人认为是附近的海军通讯塔所致。居民人心惶惶,到4月15日时已有3000块挡风玻璃被报告受影响,市长向艾森豪威尔总统求援。但两天后西雅图警方发表声明称这是“95%的公众歇斯底里”所致,然后各种报告就戛然而止了。

据称,类似事件在全世界都有,最近的例子是“克罗伊登猫杀手”事件,该杀手被指控在伦敦及周边残忍地杀害数百只猫,并抛尸孩子们肯定能看到的地方。事件最初由一家猫咪收容所报告,在被新闻报道后类似报案越来越多,最后超过500起。但在经过长达数年的调查后,伦敦警方在2018年9月终于得出结论:这些猫是被汽车撞死或是被狐狸吃掉的。

加州大学洛杉矶分校的精神病学教授、群体歇斯底里症专家加里·斯莫尔(Gary Small)认为盖特威克机场的无人机扰航事件有可能也是如此,“在焦虑的状态下,我们经常把注意力集中在无害的刺激上,人们对恐怖主义非常焦虑。人们对无人机有很多担忧。”

文章的结尾说,大多数对盖特威克无人机事件感兴趣的人都已经下了定论,要么是最初的目击是错误的,随后的是群体性恐慌或者认知偏差导致的目击。要么确有一架无人机,但这应该被谨慎地排除,因为技术上看这样的入侵极其复杂。

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