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一枚小導彈獲國家特等獎,出口20萬發:這要感謝越南的巨大貢獻 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

一枚小導彈獲國家特等獎,出口20萬發:這要感謝越南的巨大貢獻

一枚小導彈獲國家特等獎,出口20萬發:這要感謝越南的巨大貢獻
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在1987年,有一件小型小型武器获得了国家科技进步特等奖,这就是红箭-8反坦克导弹,与第二代氢弹(小型化)并列。红箭-8并列获得特等奖的第二代氢弹技术,是指“气态引爆弹装置的突破”(气体助爆初级),邓稼先和于敏分别为第一和第二获奖人。众所周知,我国的国家科技进步特等奖,通常奖给具有重大战略意义的武器装备工程,门槛十分之高高,宁缺毋滥。那么,为何红箭-8反坦克导弹这样一件很不起眼的小型武器,能够与第二代氢弹等巨型武器工程一起跻身中国的最高国家奖呢?

一枚小导弹获国家特等奖,出口20万发:这要感谢越南的巨大贡献

这事,还要从美国的BGM-71 TOW 陶式反坦克导弹说起。

陶式反坦克导弹是世界上最常用的一种第二代反坦克导弹,参加多次战争,打掉上千辆坦克,名扬天下。几十年来,全世界烽烟点点,到处都缺不了这个国际知名品牌。在上世纪70年代,陶式导弹成为当时各国追逐和效仿的标杆武器,当然中国也不例外。

1975年初,中国决定开始预先研制第二代反坦克导弹,要求采用目视瞄准、有线传输,制导站红外自动跟踪,射程为3000米,飞行速度大于200米/秒。

一枚小导弹获国家特等奖,出口20万发:这要感谢越南的巨大贡献

当时中国正在仿制苏联AT-3赛格反坦克导弹的第一代红箭-73导弹的工作(该弹在1979年才定型并批量生产)。由于当时中国的技术基础极薄弱,仅掌握比较粗糙的第一代反坦克导弹技术,所以对第二代反坦克导弹毫无经验,也没有参照目标,研制工作并不顺利。

这时候,越南伸出了援手。在1975年3月,即将取得战争胜利的越南政府,决定赠送给中国一批越军在战场上缴获的美军和南越军队的武器战利品,这些战利品品种非常丰富,包括了陆海空军的武器,有状态完好的支奴干中型直升机(只有一个机门被手榴弹炸坏,其他完好,能够飞行),一架缴获南越空军的F-5战斗机,一批缴获美军的陶式反坦克导弹,以及AGM-62白眼星激光和电视制导空地导弹,还有各类火炮和轻武器样品等等。总后勤部装备部曾组织了20多家军地机构进行攻关,对这一批武器样品进行测绘和分析,相继撰写了大量的研究报告,对于我国兵器技术的发展提供了很多有益的借鉴。

一枚小导弹获国家特等奖,出口20万发:这要感谢越南的巨大贡献

不过,越南当时也将更多的战利品赠送给了华约国家,从苏联到波兰再到捷克斯洛伐克等多个国家的军事科研机构都收到过越南的馈赠。越南还对外出售库存的美式武器,向埃塞俄比亚出售F-5战斗机,两伊战争期间,越南曾向伊朗大量出售的F-5战斗机、响尾蛇空对空导弹、M-41/48坦克、M-113装甲车,甚至美军遗弃报废的F-4“鬼怪”战斗机,伊朗也要,买回去拆成零件使用。

中方获得美军的陶式反坦克导弹以后,参照美国陶式导弹的技术路线,在1975年末确定国产第二代反坦克导弹的技术方案,开始研制红箭-8反坦克导弹,武器工程名称为“第二代红外半自动反坦克导弹”,该弹的技术原理与陶式导弹一模一样。

一枚小导弹获国家特等奖,出口20万发:这要感谢越南的巨大贡献

但红箭-8导弹并不是陶式导弹的仿制型号,仅采用了陶式导弹的制导技术方案。红箭-8的技术性能是根据中国军队量身定做的,由于解放军对步兵武器重量有着异常严格的减重要求。美国陶式导弹的弹径达到152毫米,弹重28公斤,单兵背负很困难,必须车载,基本无法由步兵携带作战。所以中国研制的红箭-8导弹的弹径只有120毫米,弹长只有0.84米,全弹重只有11.2公斤,不足陶式导弹的一半,静破甲厚度比陶式稍低,但与欧洲霍特导弹同为800毫米。尽管红箭-8导弹的外形看上去非常土,土的掉渣,但弹径较小,重量较轻,综合性能更适合步兵作战。

一枚小导弹获国家特等奖,出口20万发:这要感谢越南的巨大贡献

红箭-8导弹于1984年研制定型,成为中国具有自主知识产权的第一款红外半自动导引反坦克导弹,是世界少数能够击穿北约三层重型靶板的反坦克导弹。此后红箭-8导弹成为中国军事装备的出口明星,成为产量和出口数量最大的战术导弹,该弹还输出技术到至少三个国家,是中国首次实现对外成套技术输出的复杂武器系统。从80年代末到2000年,世界二代反坦克导弹的总销售量大约80万枚,中国的红箭-8导弹就卖了20多万发,是世界上除了陶式导弹以外销量最大的第二代反坦克导弹,至今还在战场上发挥着重要作用。

尽管红箭-8导弹很优秀,但我军对美国陶式导弹的总体性能还是赞不绝口,一直想研制一种与陶式相仿的大口径反坦克导弹。中国在本世纪初研制并装备了红箭9型反坦克导弹,采用了电视CCD光学跟踪、半自动指令制导、激光指令传输体制,射程4000米,静破甲1000毫米。主要装备集团军炮兵旅,军改以后下放到中型合成旅的火力营。

一枚小导弹获国家特等奖,出口20万发:这要感谢越南的巨大贡献

红箭-9反坦克导弹的结构、弹径,重量,外形、制导体制、破甲威力等等,都跟美国陶式反坦克导弹非常相似,二者的发射火控系统的技术水平相当,都配备有热成像仪等先进设备。但红箭-9导弹采用CCD光学跟踪,激光指令传输,抗干扰性能要比陶式导弹的红外跟踪,导线指令传输的体制好得多。

红箭-9反坦克导弹的外形与陶式反坦克导弹几乎一模一样,二者的弹径均为152毫米,而且都使用弹体内埋式的平直弹翼,这种弹翼的优点是体积小,舵面效率高。但二者的前后弹翼排列方式不同,红箭-9导弹采用了++排列,而陶式导弹采用x+排列。

红箭-9导弹的射程比较远、威力比较大、弹重稍微重一点。总体来说,红箭-9比陶式导弹略胜一筹,但陶式导弹面世较早,改进型比较多,而且陶-2导弹为攻顶式战斗部,配备磁敏感引信。

一枚小导弹获国家特等奖,出口20万发:这要感谢越南的巨大贡献

经过三十年的努力,中国已经成为世界反坦克导弹的技术强国。研制了红箭-8/9/10/11/11等远中近程,不同重量和口径,不同制导方式的反坦克导弹。我国利用陶式反坦克导弹的制导技术,发展了红箭-8导弹,又比照陶式导弹的总体设计结构,发展了比较远程偏重的红箭-9导弹,这真是物尽其用,一鱼两吃!其中越南交付给我国的美制陶式反坦克导弹做出了巨大贡献,

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