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美國就是「紙老虎」!韓國國力稍欠,其防務支出竟與德國持平 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

美國就是「紙老虎」!韓國國力稍欠,其防務支出竟與德國持平

美國就是「紙老虎」!韓國國力稍欠,其防務支出竟與德國持平
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按照川普任期的構想,北約盟國應大幅增加防務開支,直到支出占本國GDP總額的2%為止。但目前只有波蘭、愛沙尼亞、英國、希臘和他自己兌現了承諾。

美利堅對北約的不配合大為不滿,它在各個場合公開批判盟友。

美國就是「紙老虎」!韓國國力稍欠,其防務支出竟與德國持平

2月15日,北約秘書長斯托爾滕貝格表態:他將於2月17日至18日,就各國增加軍費開支召開特別會議。其認為,北約應加大遏制和防禦方面的部署,將側重點放在北約東部邊界上。為此他呼籲各國呼應美國的訴求,將北約的計劃加以落實。

如同前文所言,只有5個國家兌現了諾言。為何增加防務支出,變得這麼的艱難?答案其實很好回答:各國有自身的戰略考量,它們對於北約也非言聽計從。以德國為例,則可見端倪。

美國就是「紙老虎」!韓國國力稍欠,其防務支出竟與德國持平

德國的經濟在整個歐洲一枝獨秀,其經濟實力僅次於美國,居於北約組織的第二位。但德國2019年的防務支出只有400多億美元,距離美國劃定的紅線——支出占GDP總額的2%仍有不小的距離。按照德國方面的想法,欲達到上限至少得等到2024年。

關鍵是,德國的做法具有示範性意義,若德國無法跟隨北約,其他國家也將持觀望態度。需要注意一點:德國的重心非為戰略方面,它的側重點仍為如何保障出口。換句話說,德國或對美國主導的那套「大棒政策」不感興趣,默克爾當前的做法就揭示了這種趨向。

默克爾反覆提及保持「德國外交價值觀」的必要性,不與美國倡導的「政治正確」劃等號。在經濟上,德國與俄羅斯攜手並進,執意打通「北溪—2」項目的最後一公里;政治上,德國力推《中歐貿易協定》,避免在美國與亞洲大國之間選邊站。而在文化層面,默克爾希望在多邊框架下,讓各國實現更深層次的溝通,避免分歧。

美國就是「紙老虎」!韓國國力稍欠,其防務支出竟與德國持平

德國複雜的心態,導致了其與美國之間的距離越來越遠,至少外界認為的默克爾將屈服拜登的說法不存在。這也就解釋了為何默克爾執政這麼多年,德國一再「拖北約的後腿」。不管怎麼說,德國綜合實力強勁,讓美國占不到便宜應是主因。

視線回到韓國,作為處於全球貿易產業金字塔第三層的韓國,它的國防支出與GDP實不對等。簡單說,韓國除了防止北韓越界外,更須支付美國的駐軍費用。甚至必要時,購買美利堅的一些過時軍用物品。這使得韓國的軍費支出連年攀升。

新的消息是,2020年,韓國的國防支出達到了500億美元左右,和德國的持平。而且隨著美國施壓力度的增加,這一數據可能升至新的水平。韓國是美國的ATM,也是美國亞太戰略重要的一環。在美國的默許下,韓國難得的在造船業、半導體等領域取得了巨大的成就。

美國就是「紙老虎」!韓國國力稍欠,其防務支出竟與德國持平

換言之,韓國今天所取得的一切,應是美韓媾和的結果。韓國若不能分擔美國的壓力,就說不過去了。但德國卻並不這麼想,作為老牌資本主義強國,即便美國不予柏林便利,其也能自發的崛起。如同默克爾所言:若美國失去世界領導的位置,德國將作出新的選擇。

一個恃強而起,一個不畏強權,這就是韓國和德國面對美國的「大棒政策」給出的不同答案。相信即便拜登加強對盟友的控制,怕也是無濟於事,畢竟川普任上美國國力尚可,且未能讓盟友兌現針對自己的承諾。如今的拜登,面對著殘局,或也只能望洋興嘆。

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