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美國應尊重中國,但拜登政府做不到這點,尊重只能靠中國自己爭取 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

美國應尊重中國,但拜登政府做不到這點,尊重只能靠中國自己爭取

美國應尊重中國,但拜登政府做不到這點,尊重只能靠中國自己爭取
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海外网12月8日电 “中国应当被尊重,惹怒中国毫无意义。”美国前驻欧盟大使、拜登团队欧洲事务顾问安东尼·加德纳(Anthony Gardner)近日接受英国广播公司(BBC)“HARDtalk”节目采访,在分析美国下届政府内政外交政策与现任政府的区别时,特别谈论了中美关系。根据BBC于8日公布的采访视频,当主持人问及“美国下届政府是否能接受在战略上与中国陷入长期对抗局面”时,加德纳称,不应用“对抗”形容中美关系。他还表示,在人权等问题方面惹怒中国毫无意义,中国应当像其他国家一样受到尊重,美国不应欺辱中国。他说到了问题的关键,即美国不尊重中国的大部分合理诉求,而尽情地展示着自己的霸权与优越,包括优越地位和优越感。这点并非特朗普时期便是如此,而与美国传统有着非常密切的联系。美国人的道德优越感事实上从建国之初就开始了,这是为美国作为一个移民国家进行粘合时使用的观念体系,以此区分新生的“新大陆”和保守、陈旧、战乱不断的“旧大陆”。“山巅之城”、“上帝选民”一直是美国文化中非常强烈的自我认同。这种道德感也会带到外交实践上,哪怕是中美关系也一直受到这种观念的影响。事实上在1949年中国革命胜利后,美国人也对中国突然间对美国产生的敌意非常不解,认为美国对中国那么好为什么中国还不感恩,甚至由此在美国国内掀起了麦卡锡主义的政治猎巫运动。因此才有了邹谠的《美国在中国的失败》,告诉美国政界学界美国人的道德感其实给中国带来的依然是利益损失,美国并没有在真正关键的时候帮助中国,是现实利益让中美之间发生了分割。然而,在冷战取得胜利后,美国人似乎沉浸在“单极时刻”的快感中,美国人不仅在实力上力压群雄,在道德高地上也不断挥舞着旗帜。这种从70年代末开始的,最初为了压制苏联而提出的价值观外交历经变迁,最终取代了大国协调的现实主义原则,让自由主义变成了富有攻击性的神话与迷思。反对美国就是不道德的,似乎这变成了一种连美国人自己都相信的论调。美国积极推广其意识形态,因为这种意识形态对于美国有道德一致性以及非常现实的好处。自由民主价值观下,美国可以轻松地站在道德高地上干预其他国家内政,并将反对者置于不道德的低地进行碾压。这种价值观外交在美国有着基于适当性逻辑和有效性逻辑的一致性,因此美国只要有机会就会使用这一工具,并且很显然内心毫无压力。相对而言,冷战后的建制派精英更喜欢利用价值观外交,特别是在民主党政府主导下,美国几乎在所有议题上都会使用价值观作为道德武器。反倒是民粹派的特朗普并不重视这点,因为特朗普对于牌坊没有直观认知,他没有太多心思去装点门面,而只想着占全世界的便宜。现在,特朗普至少暂时下台,拜登作为建制派会有所改变吗?这很难。拜登必然会使用价值观作为工具进行对外干预,这点源于民主党的传统。同时,拜登还会面临安抚特朗普主义者的任务,因此他必须使用“美国优先”这套话语,因此对于盟友拜登也许还有施展的空间,然而对于中国,拜登断然无法抛开价值观议题,也无法真正尊重中国,因为中国不在美国的价值观合理范畴内。那么美国的实践真的把普世价值变成了其他国家国民的真实生活了吗?很显然也没有。9·11之后美国人大惊失色地质问为什么伊斯兰极端主义如此恨他们,而很显然他们忘记了是谁在拼命扩大伊斯兰世界的分裂并为对抗苏联而纵容极端主义在中东的传播。很不幸,在2011年时美国再度忘记了这一点,他们热情地鼓励了“阿拉伯之春”,但其中只有少数几个国家建立了比较稳定的秩序,而且上台的恰恰是美国不愿意看到的反美政治力量。这还只是公开存在冲突的,事实上美国的体系依然造成了发展中国家的结构性矛盾,泰国、菲律宾目前难以解决的社会结构性问题都与美国有着密切的关系,1998年的亚洲金融风暴可是打垮了亚洲四小虎。美国人推广普世价值如果没有私利,那就只能用天真来形容。其实最好的办法是美国重新回到现实主义原则上,回到1950年代到1970年代的现实主义博弈中,用不那么道德的方式去实践最大化的可操作道德。美国帝国已经出现了危机,在一定程度上与新自由主义带来的迷思有着不小的关联。然而,美国主流精英很显然还不会承认这点。让民主党人回到现实主义原则上,目前不太现实。如果美国在观念上不回到现实主义上,那么美国就不会真正尊重中国。而美国不真正尊重中国,价值观大棒就仍然会不断挥舞,中美之间就很难相互理解,不必要的冲突就会持续发生。对中国来说,将尊重寄托于他人身上并不可取。中国需要的是自己争取尊重,这需要的是克服困难,巧妙运用各种战略机遇将自己不断做强,并以美国无法阻止的方式发展自身。新自由主义秩序的危机还远未结束,中国也不太可能像过去那样倚重外循环来实现发展,寻求内生性的增长以及相应的合理再分配才是关键。如果中国能够在这几年顶住国际压力实现持续的、以内生动力为主的发展,并且处理好国内发展带来的新问题和新挑战,那么巩固了14亿国民基本盘的中国就会离被尊重更进一步。世界只是向现实主义迈出了少许,是否重回均衡的大国协调还要看中国自己的表现。当然,如果硬实力足够强大并且相互确认,那么双方即便再相互不理解,基本的趋利避害动机仍然可以作为底线共识而存在,从而避免局面变得失控。

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