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沒有中國,我們的營業額不會這麽好 – 有海水的地方就有中國人

沒有中國,我們的營業額不會這麽好

沒有中國,我們的營業額不會這麽好
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疫情之下,德国一些企业与中国的关系愈发紧密,虽然德国政府担心由此对华的依赖程度会加强,但除此之外没有其它选项。

德国工业自动化公司Hahn Automation瞄准了中国市场。未来3年,这家中型企业计划在中国投资数百万欧元。中国的经济比其他国家更快地从新冠危机中恢复,该公司希望从中受益。

首席执行官弗兰克•康拉德(Frank Konrad)谈到投资初衷时表示:”如果我们想在中国市场发展,就得在当地生产……我们的目标是到2025年,把中国的销售额提高25%”。
虽然中国的复苏对于像这样的企业来说是一个好消息,但德国政府并没有忽略风险和副作用。受疫情影响,对中国的依赖可能会增加。贸易多元化,减少对中国的依赖,达成这个目标并不容易。

更加依赖中国

尽管柏林心存担忧,不过德国的企业与中国的关系愈发紧密。德国汽车传感器供应商UST的首席执行官奥拉夫•基瑟韦特(Olaf Kiesewetter)表示:”我们可以清楚地看到,中国正在走出低谷……业务正在快速恢复,很长时间需求都没有像现在这么大。” 中国已经成为该公司欧盟之外最大的出口市场,占了销售额的15%。他补充说:”如果没有中国,我们第三季度的营业额不会这么好。”


不仅仅这两家公司对中国的市场越发依赖,整个德国经济都是如此。今年前九个月,中国超过法国成为德国第二大出口市场。在春季第一波疫情爆发时期,中国甚至超过美国成为第一大出口市场。根据联邦统计局的数据,今年1月到9月。德国对中国的出口在总额中占比增加到近8%。


据国际货币基金组织(IMF)估计,德国今年GDP将下滑6%。不过中国经济将会增长约1.9%。明年中国经济增长率可能会达到8.2%,几乎是是德国(4.2%)的两倍。


柏林智库科学与政治基金会(SWP)的专家迈尔(Stefan Mair)分析表示:”我们观察到,至少在短期内,中国正在从危机中变得更加强大……中国成功地在近几个月内巩固了自己的地位。不仅是出口到德国,对德国进口到中国的货物来说,更是如此。”从这个角度来说,中国在经济上变得更加重要。


柏林墨卡托中国研究中心(Merics)的一项最新调查发现,欧盟在数十类产品上”严重依赖”中国。包括电子、化学、矿产、金属、医药产品。依赖程度尤其高的产品当属维他命B,在这一领域德国的进口比例为97.9%。

该研究中心首席经济学家曾林(Max Zenglein)在谈及德国目前急需的”中国造”口罩物资时指出:”新冠疫情让中德双方的经济依赖性变得明显”。他声称,尤其是在低端价值链领域,欧洲对中国有着严重的依赖。”


第一轮疫情爆发后,德国政府希望增加本地医用口罩生产,到目前为止并不算是完全成功。

德国西南纺织贸易协会的哈斯(PeterHaas)说,德国并没形成一个可持续性的医用口罩市场,因为计划的重点是投资这个产业,但没有产品销路的保证:”在最初的恐慌过去之后,尤其是公共部门不愿购买本地生产的口罩,而是选择价格更优惠的口罩-它们往往来自中国。”


虽然中国的需求让许多企业的业绩增加,让他们度过疫情危机的难关,德国公司还是对中国特殊的国家干预民营市场的模式感到不满。


比如HahnAutomation就对”德国制造”产品出口到中国的壁垒感到烦恼。”中国制造2025″计划中,工业机器人领域是发展的重点之一。

公司首席执行官康拉德抱怨指出,中国冷漠地紧闭大门:”中国计划在自动化和工业机器人领域将高附加值部分转移到国内,这是中国产业战略的一部分。”


如此一来,该公司生产的汽车和医疗业机器人除了将部分生产转移到中国之外没有更多选项。该公司因此斥资数百万欧元在昆山建厂。

不能把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里


智库科学与政治基金会(SWP)专家迈尔表示,没有中国不行。那里市场很大,机会也多:”但大多数德企也意识到,他们把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里,并没有任何好处。”


为了扩大在亚洲生产的其它可能,许多德国公司都在寻找替代中国的地点,比如印尼或是越南。德国工业联合会(BDI)外贸负责人施特拉克(Friedolin Strack)提出,人们要有耐心:”可能需要三到五年的时间才能看出德国企业在亚洲地区业务范围有多么的广泛,是否减少了对中国的依赖。”


柏林墨卡托中国研究中心首席经济学家曾林则建议和中国打交道时,欧洲要更有信心。毕竟北京也需要与德国和欧盟保持良好的关系:”欧盟是中国最大的投资者之一,与欧盟关系不好,中国也会受到影响。另外,欧盟也是中国重要的市场,也是一个专业技术的重要来源。”

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